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1、肯尼迪遇刺50周年时的达拉斯After John F Kennedy was murdered on November 22 1963, Dallas became known as “the city of hate”. Its citizens were charged with creating a fervid rightist atmosphere in which Lee Harvey Oswald felt moved to shoot the president. Mike Rawlings, the citys current mayor, told me: “There a
2、re stories of people going to places and almost being embarrassed to be from Dallas back in the 1960s, early 1970s.”1963年11月22日，美国总统约翰肯尼迪(John F.Kennedy)遇刺身亡后，达拉斯就背上了“仇恨之城”的名声。人们指责达拉斯市民制造了一种狂热的右翼氛围，从而促使李哈维奥斯瓦尔德(Lee Harvey Oswald)枪杀了总统。达拉斯现任市长迈克罗林斯(Mike Rawlings)告诉我：“有报道称，在20世纪60年代和70年代初，达拉斯人去外地时，会因为
3、自己是达拉斯人而感到尴尬。”I found Rawlings sneaking a catnap at the New Cities Summit in Sao Paulo in June. The man who came to Dallas in 1976 with $200 in his pocket and made it to president of Pizza Hut was taking the briefest break from his usual activity: plugging Dallas. But how does any city incorporate a
4、 global trauma into its image? Its taken Dallas 50 years to learn to deal with the murder.今年6月，在圣保罗的新城市峰会(New Cities Summit)上，我趁罗林斯偷偷打盹时找到了他。这位1976年揣着200美元来到达拉斯、后来当过必胜客(Pizza Hut)总裁的达拉斯市长正在小憩，暂时把他的日常活动宣传达拉斯放在了一边。但一个城市在经历一场闻名全球的创伤之后，如何在世人面前构建自己的形象？达拉斯花了50年的时间，才学会坦然接受那起刺杀事件。Many Americans in 1963 coul
5、dnt accept that a lone loser like Oswald had changed history. Consequently, they blamed larger entities. Conspiracy theorists accused the Central Intelligence Agency or Cuban exiles. Others blamed Dallas itself.1963年，让许多美国人无法接受的是，历史居然被奥斯瓦尔德这么个孤独的失败者改写了。因此，他们怪罪于一些更大的组织和群体。阴谋论者指责美国中央情报局(CIA)或古巴流亡者策划了刺
6、杀事件。其他人则谴责达拉斯这个城市。To quote Texas Monthly magazine: “The tragedy seemed to seal the perception of our state as being populated by a bunch of trigger-happy yeehaws who were beyond forgiveness.” Because few outsiders knew anything else about Dallas, the assassination branded the city. In truth, Dallas
7、in 1963 did house some noisy rightist Kennedy-haters. Days before he arrived, “Wanted for Treason” leaflets featuring him appeared around town. And on the day, the Dallas Morning News published an ominously black-bordered full-page ad portraying him as a communist fellow-traveller. Reading it, Kenne
8、dy told his wife: “Were heading into nut country today.”德克萨斯月刊(Texas Monthly)写道：“那起悲剧似乎把世人对本州的印象固定了下来，即一个充斥着牛仔的州，那些牛仔动辄开枪、根本不值得原谅。”因为外面的人对达拉斯的其他方面知之甚少，于是刺杀事件成了这座城市的标签。事实上，1963年的达拉斯确实有一些讨厌肯尼迪、吵吵嚷嚷的右翼分子。在肯尼迪抵达达拉斯之前的几天，印着他的肖像、写有“通缉叛国者”(Wanted for Treason)的传单在城里随处可见。就在肯尼迪遇刺当天，达拉斯晨报(Dallas Morning News)整
9、版刊出了一则颇不吉利的黑边广告，将他描绘为“共产主义的同路人”。看到广告，肯尼迪对妻子说：“我们今天要去一个疯子国了。”After the murder, many diagnosed city-wide hate. Bill Minutaglio, co-author of the new book Dallas 1963, says: “Nothing like this could have happened, but in Dallas.”肯尼迪遇刺后，许多人称达拉斯充斥着仇恨。新书达拉斯1963(Dallas 1963)的合著者比尔米努塔利奥(Bill Minutaglio)说：“除
10、了达拉斯，这种事不可能在其他任何地方发生。”Yet blaming Dallas is illogical. Oswald was a Marxist nut, not a rightwing nut. And as Rawlings says, “Dallas loves its presidents.” Nearly one in three Dallasites turned out to see Kennedy, with barely an unfriendly sign on display. In the motorcade, the Texan governors wife,
11、Nellie Connally, gushed, “Mr President, you cant say Dallas doesnt love you.” She was mostly right. Assassinations, Americans soon learnt, can happen anywhere. Cities dont kill people. People kill people.但谴责达拉斯是没有道理的。奥斯瓦尔德是马克思主义疯子，而不是右翼疯子。正如罗林斯所说：“达拉斯人爱戴总统。”近三分之一的达拉斯人为了亲眼一睹肯尼迪尊容而走出家门，现场几乎没有不友好的迹象。在车
12、队中，德克萨斯州州长夫人内莉康纳利(Nellie Connally)充满感情地说：“总统先生，您不能说达拉斯人不爱戴您。”她的话几乎没错儿。美国人很快明白，刺杀事件可能发生在任何地方。凶手不是城市，而是人。After 1963, says Rawlings, many Dallasites “wanted to move on as quickly as possible”. They rarely discussed the murder. Gradually, though, the mood changed. Rawlings says: “In the 1980s, people st
13、arted to think: we are the home of a very important moment in history. Not only because of the assassination, but that seemed to be the dawning of a new era. After that came the Vietnam war, civil rights came to its fruition, womens liberation. There was a new world, a door that somehow people walke
14、d through. Citizens said, Weve got to make sure we capture the truth of this history.“”罗林斯说，1963年以后，许多达拉斯人“希望尽快走出这件事的阴影”。他们很少谈及刺杀事件。但民众的情绪渐渐变了。罗林斯说：“20世纪80年代，人们开始认为，达拉斯见证了一个非常重要的历史时刻。这不仅是因为那一刻发生了刺杀事件，更是因为那一刻似乎标志着一个新时代的到来。在那之后，越战升级、民权运动开花结果、第二波女权运动兴起。世界焕然一新，人类历史不知怎么的翻开了新的篇章。当时的达拉斯人说，我们必须确保准确地理解这段历史。”
15、Oswald had shot from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository. Plans to tear the building down were dropped. In 1989 it became a museum. Rawlings says, “For many years it was the one site that if someone visited you and said, What do you want to do in the afternoon?” you would say, Want t
16、o go down to the Sixth Floor Museum?“”奥斯瓦尔德开枪的地方，位于达拉斯的德克萨斯州教科书仓库大楼(Texas School Book Depository)六层。达拉斯有过种种拆除那座大楼的计划，但后来都未执行。1989年，那座大楼变成了一座博物馆。罗林斯说：“多年以来，那座博物馆一直是来达拉斯的人必须造访的景点。如果有人来达拉斯拜访你，问你下午想干嘛？你会回答说，想不想去六楼博物馆(Sixth Floor Museum)？”He adds: “I dont think we should be defensive or try to remove anything. It is what it is. That part of history will always be in Dallas.” Even Oswald, says Rawlings, belongs in the citys history.
