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1、 优盟优盟优盟优盟名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义 上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电话 021 50396388 www bestedu org 1 语法讲座语法讲座语法讲座语法讲座 不定式不定式不定式不定式 一 不定式的形式 1 不定式的时态与语态 不定式的时态与语态一共有六种形式 现以动词 do 为枮 列表如下 to do to be done to have done to have been done to be doing to have been doing A 不定式的一般式 to do to
2、 do 所表示的动作一般发生在谓语动词之后 但也可以是在谓语动词之前或与谓语动词几乎 同时发生 eg I have a lot of work to do To improve your English you should practise reading aloud every day He seems to know the answer I m glad to see you B 不定式的完成式 to have done to have done 所表示的动作都发生在谓语动词之前 eg I am sorry to have brought you so much trouble She
3、 seems to have read the book C 不定式的进行式 to be doing to be doing 所表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生 eg It happened to be raining when I arrived The child pretended to be sleeping when his mother came in D 不定式的完成进行式 to have been doing to have been doing 所表示的动作 是从谓语动词之前某一个时间开始 进行到谓语动词所表 示的时间 eg He is said to have been wri
4、ting a play for months The man seemed to have been lying on the ground for a while E 不定式的一般被动式 to be done to be done 所表示的动作是被动的意义 多为发生在谓语动词之后 但有时也可以是在谓语动 词之前或几乎与谓语动词同时发生 eg The new underground railway is said to be opened at the end of this year It s an honour for me to be asked to speak here 注 有的时候
5、 不定式所表示的动作虽然有被动意义 但我们不用被动形式 仍然用主动形式 这种现象主要在以下几种情况下出现 a 在一些形容词如easy difficult hard nice interesting important pleasant dangerous heavy light fit 之后 eg My bag is very heavy to carry The sentence is easy to understand The water is not fit to drink I found the text difficult to translate into Chinese 这枑
6、的句子都可以用以 it 开头的句子来改写 如 It is heavy to carry my bag I found it difficult to translate the text into Chinese b 这个不定式与最近的一个名词或代词的关系是被动 但是在前面我们可以找到这个动作的执 行者 eg I have a lot of work to do Will you please give me some books to read 试分析 I have five letters to type today I have five letters to be typed toda
7、y c 在 there be 句型中的不定式 如果是被动的意义 我们可以用被动式 也可以用主动式 优盟优盟优盟优盟名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义 上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电话 021 50396388 www bestedu org 2 eg There is nothing to do There is nothing to be done F 不定式的完成被动式 to have been done to have been done 所表示的动作是被动意义 发生在谓语动词之前 eg He was
8、 proud to have been chosen captain of the team The book is said to have been translated into English 2 不定式的否定形式 不定式的否定形式就是把 not 加在 to 之前 eg Take care not to catch cold The student pretended not to be listening They are said not to have finished the work now 3 不定式的逻辑主语 不定式的逻辑主语可以用 for sb 放在不定式之前 eg I
9、t s not necessary for you to do so many exercises It s important for us to master a foreign language 二 不定式的功能 1 作主语 不定式作主语时一般都看成单数 eg To be an astronaut is his dream To make mistakes is human 不定式作主语可以用 it 作形式主语 而把真实主语放在后面 eg It is nice to hear your voice It is impossible to live without air 在作主语的不定式
10、的前面还可以加上疑问词 如 what to do when to do where to do 以及 whether to do 等 注意 没有 if to do 的说法 eg What to do next has not been decided yet Whether to carry out the project will be discussed later 注 不定式作主语与动名词作主语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了 此处不再重复 2 作表语 eg His ambition is to open a shop of his own His theory proved to
11、be true What surprised me most was to see my father in the principal s office wh to do 的形式也能作表语 eg Our problem was how to get those involved informed as soon as possible 注 不定式作表语与动名词作表语的区别我们已经在学习动名词时讨论过了 此处也不再重 复 3 作宾语 eg He refused to give me a hand Tom failed to pass the English exam Little Alice
12、appeared to have caught cold wh to do 的形式也能作宾语 eg We have decided where and when to hold a meeting The old man taught me how to catch fish with the net 如果在不定式宾语的后面还有宾语补足语的话 可以用 it 作形式宾语 而把真实宾语放到后 面 eg I found it not easy to persuade him to change his mind 4 作宾语补足语 eg The teacher advised me to read a
13、 lot His illness caused him to miss the game 注 在一些感觉动词与使役动词后面的不定式宾语补足语要省略 to 这些动词是 see look at 优盟优盟优盟优盟名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义名师课程内部讲义 上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心上海优盟教育中心 版权所有 严禁复制 电话 021 50396388 www bestedu org 3 notice watch observe hear listen to feel make have let 等 help 后的宾补的 to 可以省略 也可以保留 eg I
14、noticed a man steal into the office They heard the space ship take off with a very loud noise Don t let the children play in the street I will have them check it again I ll help you to carry the bag upstairs 但如果这个动词是被动语态 那么 to 就不省略 eg The poor boy was made to copy the text ten times He was seen to q
15、uarrel with an old man 注 不定式与分词都能用作宾语补足语 如果是主动的则现在分词与不定式都可以用 但分 词强调动作在进行当中 而不定式则可能动作已经完成 强调整个过程 或是带有将来的意义 如果宾语与宾补的关系是被动的 那么就选用过去分词 偶尔也可看到用 being done 试比较 I heard the telephone ringing in the office I heard the telephone ring three or four times in the office this morning I once heard the song sung i
16、n English I heard the boy being scolded by his mother He had the boy standing at the corner He had the boy do the exercise again He had the watch mended again 5 作定语 不定式作定语 放在被修饰词之后 eg He worked out a plan to help his brother Have you anything to say about it Tom was the first to come this morning 注 不定式作定语 经常用在 something anything nothing 与序数词之后 并要特别注意不定 式定语时 有时与被修饰词之间所用的介词不能忘记 eg The first thing for him to do is to find a room to live in You won t have anything to worry about Please find me a kni
