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1、ENDOCRINEPHYSIOLOGY内分泌生理 DepartmentofPhysiology MedicalSchool SoochowUniversity Suzhou215007 ChinaE mail wangguoqing Tel 0512 62096158 13506212030 ENDOCRINEGLANDS BASICPRINCIPLESANDORGANIZATION DefinitionoftheEndocrineSystemEndocrineandnervoussystemscoordinatecomplexbodyfunctions Classicdistinctionb
2、etweenthesetwoisthattheendocrinesystemcommunicatestodistanttissuesthroughblood carriedchemicalswhilethenervoussystemcommunicatestoadjacenttissuebylocalchemicalrelease neurotransmitter 神经递质 Organsoftheendocrinesystemincludeadrenal gonads hypothalamus pancreas parathyroid pituitary thyroid aswellasoth
3、ers suchastheheart kidney andgastrointestinaltract Distinctionbetweenthesetwocommunicationsystems NervoussystemandEndocrinesystem Nervesintheposteriorpituitaryreleaseoxytocin 催产素 andantidiuretichormone 抗利尿激素 whichactonthebreastandkidneys respectively Nervesreleaseepinephrinefromtheadrenalmedulla whi
4、chactsontheheart skeletalmuscle andtheliver Nervesofthehypothalamussecretechemicals releasinghormones thatactontheanteriorpituitarytocausehormonerelease Therefore thedefinitionoftheendocrinesystemshouldalsoincludesuchneuroendocrinesystems Generaldefinitionforhormone Classicdefinition ByStarlingandBa
5、yliss Thehormonesarechemicalsubstancesproducedbyspecializedtissuesandsecretedintoblood inwhichtheyarecarriedtotargetorgansandtriggersspecificbiologicalfunctions Limitsofclassicdefinition SpecializedtissuesforhormonesynthesisBloodforhormonedistributionAseparatetargetorganBroaderdefinitionAhormoneisac
6、hemicalnon nutrient intercellularmessengerthatiseffectiveatmicromolarconcentrationsorless highefficiency LivingthingsthatcansecretehomonesMulticelluar Animal Plant InsectandSomefungi ConcentrationPeptidalhormoneinanimalblood10 12 10 10M Steroidhormoneinanimalblood10 10 10 8M EndocrinecellandTargetCe
7、ll tissueandorgan PowerfulBiologicalEffectsMetabolicandPhysiologicaleffect Afurtherunderstandingonhormones TABLEENDOCRINEGLANDS HORMONESSECRETED ANDTISSUEEFFECTENDOCRINEGLANDHORMONESSECRETEDTISSUEEFFECTHypothalamusCorticotropin releasinghormone CRH StimulatesACTHsecretionDopamineInhibitsprolactinsec
8、retionGonadotropin releasinghormone GnRH StimulatesLHandFSHsecretionGrowth hormonereleasinghormone GHRH StimulatesGHsecretionSomatostatinInhibitsGHsecretionThyrotropin releasinghormone TRH StimulatesTSHandprolactinsecretionAnteriorAdrenocorticotropichormone ACTH Stimulatessynthesis secretionpituitar
9、yofcortisol androgensandaldosteroneFollicle stimulatinghormone FSH Stimulatesspermmaturation developmentofovarianfolliclesGrowthhormone GH StimulatesproteinsynthesisandgrowthLuteinizinghormone LH Stimulatestestosterone estrogen progesteronesynthesis stimulatesovulationMelanocyte stimulatinghormone M
10、SH StimulatesmelaninsynthesisProlactinStimulatesmilkproductionThyroid stimulatinghormone TSH Stimulatesthyroidhormonesynthesis secretionPosteriorOxytocinStimulatesmilkejectionandPituitaryuterinecontractionAntidiuretichormone ADH StimulatesrenalwaterreabsorptionThyroidTriiodothyronine T3 andStimulate
11、sgrowth oxygenthyroxine T4 consumption heatproduction metabolism nervoussystemdevelopmentContinuednext TABLEENDOCRINEGLANDS HORMONESSECRETED ANDTISSUEEFFECT continued ENDOCRINEGLANDHORMONESSECRETEDTISSUEEFFECTThyroidCalcitoninDecreasesbloodCaconcentrationParathyroidParathyroidhormone PTH Increasesbl
12、oodCaconcentrationAdrenalcortexCortisolIncreasesglucosesynthesis mediates stress responseAldosteroneIncreasesrenalreabsorptionofNa secretionofK andH AndrogensSimilartotestosteronebutweakerAdrenalmedullaEpinephrineStimulatesfatandcarbohydratemetabolismPancreasInsulinDecreasesbloodglucoselevels anabol
13、iceffectsonlipidandproteinmetabolismGlucagonIncreasesbloodglucoselevelsTestesTestosteroneStimulatesspermatogenesisandsecondarysexcharacteristicsOvariesEstradiolStimulatesgrowth developmentoffemalereproductivesystemandbreasts follicularphaseofmenstrualcycle prolactinsecretion andmaintainspregnancyPro
14、gesteroneLutealphaseofmenstrualcycleandmaintainspregnancyCorpusluteumEstradiolandprogesteroneSeeabovePlacentaHumanchorionicgonadotropin hCG Stimulatesestrogen progesteronesynthesisbycorpusluteumHumanplacentallactogen hPL ActslikeGHandprolactinduringpregnancyEstriolActslikeestradiolProgesteroneSeeabo
15、veThistableliststhemajorendocrineorgans thehormoneseachorgansecretes andthemajortissueeffectofthehormone ENDOCRINESYSTEM ChemicalNatureofHormones Classicdefinitionofahormoneisachemicalproducedbyanorganinasmallamountthatisreleasedintothebloodstreamtoactoncellsinadistanttissue Thisdefinitionneedstobee
16、xpandedtoincludechemicalsthathaveparacrineandautocrinefunctions Hormonesaredividedintofourgroupsbasedonchemicalstructure 1 amines 胺类 comefromtheaminoacidtyrosine 2 peptides 肽类 lessthan20aminoacids 3 smallproteins 小蛋白 morethan20aminoacids 4 steroids 类固醇 comefromcholesterol Definitionofthehormones Telecrinesignals Neurocrinesignals Definitionofthehormones TABLEMAJORHORMONESGROUPEDBYCHEMICALSTRUCTUREAMINESPEPTIDESPROTEINSSTEROIDSDopamineAntidiureticAdrenocorticotropicAldosteronehormone ADH Hormone
