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1、Outline of English LexicologyContents1. Introduction2. Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary3. Morphological Structure 4. The Development of the English Vocabulary5 Borrowing as a Source of English Word-Stock 6. Word-Formation I: the Major Processes7. Word-Formation II: the Minor Processes8. Motiva
2、tion 9. Word Meaning10. Sense Relations 11. Changes in Meaning12. American English Books to Read1.英语词汇学教程，汪榕培、卢晓娟编著，上海外语教育出版社，1999。2.现代英语词汇学，陆国强著，上海外语教育出版社，1997。3.简明英语词汇学，曹务堂著，山东教育出版社。4.英语词汇学引论，林承章编著，武汉大学出版社，1997。5. 英语词汇学教程，张维友编著，华中师范大学出版社， 20046.An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, by Zhan
3、g Yun-fei, Beijing Normal University Press, 1988 Chapter 1 Introduction1.1 Language, Linguistics and LexicologyWhat is language?Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a specific social action and a carrier of information.What is linguistics?Generally spea
4、king, linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of language. To be more exact, linguistics studies the general principles upon which languages are constructed and operate as systems of human communicationWhat is lexicology?Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of th
5、e vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, structure, formation, meaning and usage.1.2 Aims and Significance of the CourseWhat is lexicology?English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in gener
6、al and of English words in particular. However, it is a practical course as well, for in the discussion, we shall inevitably deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study many usage examples. Naturally, there will be a large quantity of practice involved.The role of vocabulary in the langu
7、age system(1) Vocabulary is the building material of the language system. It is one of the essential elements of language: speech sounds, grammar and vocabulary.(2) “Without grammar very little can be conveyed, without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed.”(3) “there is a sense in which learning a for
8、eign language is basically a matter of learning the vocabulary of that language. Not being able to find the words to express yourself is the most frustrating experience in speaking another language.”Aims of the course(1) Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.(2) Offer an insight in
9、to the origin and development of the English vocabulary.(3) Discuss the problems of word-structure and word-formation(4) Study the use of English words, their meanings and changes in meaning, their sense relations.The significance of the course(1) Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously inc
10、rease your word power (active vocabulary).(2) Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively.(3) Raise your awareness of meaning and usages, use words more accurately and appropriately.(4) Develop your skills and habits of analyzing and generalizing linguistic phenom
11、ena in your learning experiences.(5) Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.Chapter 2 Basic Concepts of Words and VocabularyContent2.1.What Is a Word?2.2 Word, lexical Item, Vocabulary2.3 Sound and Meaning2.4 Meaning and Concept2
12、.5 Classification of Words2.1.1 Some basic concepts(1) Morpheme(a) A morphemea minimal meaningful unit: (e.g.: un-happy, tow morphemes)语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位A free morphemeone that can occuralone in speech ( a root)自由语素是能独立运用的语素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。e.g., man, wind, open, tour.(b) A bound morph
13、emeone that cannot occur alone in speech bound roots or affixes(derivational:prefixes and suffixes, inflectional affixes)粘着语素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他语素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。粘着语素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀, e.g.: ante-ced-ent 先辈-ced- 是词根，接近，ante- 是前缀，在前，-ent 是后缀，人，物，(c) Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words when the
14、y are added to another morpheme. In English derivatives and compounds are all formed by such morphemes.派生语素附着于其它语素可派生出新词。英语中派生词和合成词都是由这样的语素构成的。(d) Inflectional morphemes indicate the syntactic relationships between words and function as grammatical markers. Inflectional morphemes are confined to suf
15、fixes.屈折语素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。Task 1: Whats the difference between them?Inflectional(a) Doesnt change meaning or part of speech of the stem. (workworks)(b) Indicates syntactic relations between different words in a sentence. ( grammatical meaning)(c) Occurs with all members of some large class of morphemes.(d) Occurs at margins of words. (radioradios)Derivational(1) Changes meaning or part of speech of the stem.( like-dislike, sleepasleep)(2) Indicates semantic relations within the word.(specific lexical meaning，e.g., un-)(3) Occurs with only some members of a class of morphemes(4) Occur
