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1、宾语从句 宾语从句是一种名词性从句,在句中作及物动词的宾语,或介词的宾语,或形容词的宾语。根据引导宾语从句的不同连词,宾语从句可分为三类。1. 由that引导的宾语从句。that只有语法作用,没有实在的意义,在口语和非正式文体中可以省略。例如: He said (that) he wanted to stay at home. She doesnt know (that)she is seriously ill. I am sure (that) he will succeed.2. 由连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which和连接副词when, where, why
2、, how引导的宾语从句。这些连接代词和连接副词在宾语从句中充当某个成分。例如: Do you know who(whom)they are waiting for? He asked whose handwriting was the best. Can you tell me where the No.3 bus stop is? I dont know why the train is late.3. 由if或whether引导的宾语从句。If和whether在句中的意思是“是否”。例如: I want to know if(whether)he lives there. He aske
3、d me whether(if)I could help him.【宾语从句歌诀】宾语从句三姊妹,that,if/whether,wh-/how展风采。展风采有三关,引导词、语序、时态在把关。主从时态要一致,陈述语序永不变。陈述请你选that,疑问需用if/whether连。特殊问句作宾从,原来问词不用换。三关过后莫得意,人称、标点需注意。留意变脸的if/when,从句的简化记心间。【歌诀解码】一、三姊妹宾语从句根据引导词的不同可分为三种类型: 1. 由that引导的宾语从句。如 We knew(that)we should learn from each other. 2. 由if/whet
4、her引导的宾语从句。如 Please tell me if/whether you have been to America. 3. 由who,where,how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。如: Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?二、三关1. 引导词关 如果从句是陈述句,引导词用that(that在口语或非正式文体中常省略);如果从句是一般疑问句,引导词用if/whether;如果从句是特殊疑问句,引导词用由疑问词转换而来的疑问代词/副词。2. 语序关 陈述句变为宾语从句,语序不变,即仍用陈述语序。如:
5、He is an honest boy. The teacher said. The teacher said(that)he was an honest boy. 一般疑问句和特殊疑问句变为宾语从句,语序变为陈述语序。如: Does he work hard? I wonder. I wonder if/whether he works hard. When did he leave? I dont know. I dont know when he left.3. 时态关 如果主句是现在的时态,从句的时态可根据实际情况而定。如: I have heard(that)he will come
6、 back next week. 如果主句是过去的某种时态,那么从句的时态一定要用过去的某种时态。如: He said(that)there were no classes yesterday.注意:如果宾语从句表述的是客观真理、自然现象等时,不管主句是什么时态,从句都要用一般现在时。如:He said that light travels much faster than sound.三、人称的变化和标点的使用 1. 从句的主语如果是第一人称,变为宾语从句则与主句的主语一致;如果是第二人称,则与主句的宾语一致;如果是第三人称,不用变化。如: “May I use your knife?” H
7、e asked me. He asked me if he might use my knife. “Do you know her telephone number?” He asked me.He asked me if I know her telephone number. 2. 宾语从句的标点均由主句决定。主句是陈述句,用句号;主句是疑问句,用问号。如: Who will give us a talk? I dont know. I dont know who will give us a talk. Do you know? Where does he live? Do you k
8、now where he lives?四、两副面孔 if和when既能引导时间状语从句,又能引导宾语从句。因此,遇到它们就要认真分析一下,它们究竟属于“两副面孔”的哪一副。如: If it rains tomorrow, I wont come.(时间状语从句) I dont know if it will rain tomorrow. (宾语从句)五、从句的简化 1. 当主句谓语动词是find,see,watch,hear等感官动词时,从句常简化为“宾语宾补”结构,宾补为不带to的不定式或V-ing形式。如: She found that the wallet was lying on th
9、e ground. She found the wallet lying on the ground. 2. 当主句谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,forget,plan,agree等,且主句主语与从句主语相同时,从句可简化为不定式结构。如: She agreed that she could help me with my maths. She agreed to help me with my maths. 3. 在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中,当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“连接代词/副词不定式”结构。如: Can you tell me how I
10、 can get to the station? Can you tell me how to get to the station?【中考范例】1. Miss Green didnt tell us _ in 2002. A. where does she live B. Where she lives C. where did she live D. where she lived (北京市中考试题)【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句应用陈述句的语序和时态,所以应选D。2. Would you please tell me _? (上海市徐汇区中考试题) A. w
11、hen did he come home B. where he would play football C. if he had seen the film D. why he didnt watch the game 【解析】答案:D。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。主句用的实际上是现在时,宾语从句在这个句子里应用陈述句的语序和一般过去时。3. I dont know when _. A. will the train leave B. the train will leave C. would the train leave D. the train leave (哈尔滨市中考试题)
12、【解析】答案:B。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序和时态。只有B在语序和时态上符合要求。4. -We dont know _. -It is said that he was born in Sweden. (常州市中考试题) A. what he is B. if he lives here C. where he comes from D. which country is he from【解析】答案: C。该题考查的是宾语从句的语序。按照他们谈论的话题可知:他们说的是某人是哪里人。A和B可以排除掉。D的语序不对,只有C正确。来练练吧!一、选择填空。( )1. What did Mike say
13、? He said _. A. if you are free the next week B. what colour was it C. the weather is fine D. summer comes after spring( )2. Tom asked my friend _. A. where was he from B. that the earth is bigger than the moon C. when did he come back D. not to be so angry( )3. Let me tell you _. A. how much is the
14、 car B. how much does the car cost C. how much did I pay for the car D. how much I spent on the car( )4. Peter knew _. A. whether he has finished reading the book B. why the boy had so many questions C. there were 12 months in a year D. when they will leave for Paris( )5. Could you tell me _? A. where do you live B. who you are waiting for C. who were you waiting for D. where you live in( )6. She told me the sun _ in