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1、Sociolinguistics Monday10 10 12 00 PurposesforLearningSociolinguistics Sociolinguisticsistootheoretical Itcouldalsobeverypracticalbecause Manyquestionsrelatedtosociolinguisticswillappearintheentranceexamsforpostgraduatestudies ForEnglishlearners itiscrucialtoknowdifferentvarietiesofEnglish Goodcommu
2、nication grammaticallycorrectsentences Goodcommunication speakandbehaveproperlyAttitude identity they codevs we code properspeechfordifferentgender socialgroups settings Week2 LanguageFamilyandTypology Organisation Abriefintroductiontohowtheworldlanguagesaredividedandcategorised Geneticclassificatio
3、n basedongeneticrelationshipFamilytreetheoryTypologicalclassification onthebasisofthecomparisonofformalsimilaritiesofdifferentlanguages esp morphologicaldifference FamilyTreeTheory TheOrigin Thefirstattempttodiscoverthehistoryoftheworld slanguagewasattheendof18thcenturyUsingtheRomancelanguages which
4、haveacommonorigin asanexampleThe family treetheory ThefamilytreetheorywasintroducedbytheGermanlinguistAugust whothoughtoflanguageasanorganismwhichcouldgrowanddecay andwhosechangescouldbeanalysedusingthemethodsofthenaturalsciences Crystal2000 p 294 FamilyTreeTheory Howdoesitwork Howdoesthefamily tree
5、theorywork Forexample Parentlanguagevs daughterlanguages TheFormationof Dialects 1 Howdidasingleparentlanguagesplitintomanydifferentdaughterlanguages Throughpeople smigrationcausedbywaterrivers Eachdaughterlanguagestartstohaveitsownlinguisticfeatures syntactic phonological andfinallybecomesaseparate
6、language TheFormationof Dialects 2 FamilyTreediagram language1 language2 language3 Language4 Proto languageHypothesis WhatisaProto language Thehypothesisthattherewasoncealanguagefromwhichmanyexistinglanguageshavederived p 294 Howdowere constructaproto language bycomparinggroupsoflanguagesinsystemati
7、cways suchascomparingthephonologicalrules Proto languageHypothesis Example Forinstance Sincemostofthedaughterlanguagesstartwiththeconsonant w andendwiththevowel or a I mightbepronouncedas w or wa inproto Chinese TheFormationof Dialects 2 FamilyTreediagram language1 language2 language3 Language4 TheF
8、ormationof Dialects 3 Thelanguagesmarkedas dialectX or dialectx arecatergorisedasthe sub group or sub family Becauseofvariousreasons the dialects inthediagramcouldbecomeadifferentlanguage Whetheritisadialectoraseparatelanguage Dialectsvs SeparateLanguages MutualIntelligibilityThistermrefersto theabi
9、lityofpeopletounderstandeachother Iftwovarietiesofspeechesaremutuallyintelligible theyarestrictlyDIALECTSofthesamelanguage iftheyaremutuallyunintelligible theyaredifferentlanguages Crystal2007 p 306 Dialectsvs SeparateLanguages Suchacriterionisnotunproblematic Twoseparatelanguagesmaybepartiallyintel
10、ligible e g theysharesomevocabulary likeTaiwaneseandJapanese Theimpactsofpoliticalorculturalfactors SwedishandDanish mutuallyintelligible buttheyaretreatedasdifferentlanguagesChinesedialects mutuallyunintelligible buttheyaretreatedas dialects GeneticClassification 1 Oneapproachtocategorisetheworldla
11、nguagesisbasedontheassumptionthatdifferentlanguageshaveacommonancestor namelytheproto languagehypothesis Thisclassificationheavilyreliesonevidenceinwrittenformsandexaminesthehistoricalrelationshipbetweendifferentlanguages GeneticClassification 2 Ifthereisalackofwrittenrecords thenthelinguistswillexa
12、minethephonologyormorphologyofthelanguagesinquestiontospeculatethepossiblegeneticrelationship ThismethodisdevelopedbasedontheanalysisoftheIndo Europeanlanguagefamily anditworksperfectlywell Indo EuropeanLanguageFamily TheIndo EuropeanLanguageFamily Sub families GermanicLanguageFamily TheGermanicLang
13、uageFamily ItalicLanguageFamily TheItalicLanguageFamily SlavicLanguageFamily TheSlavicLanguageFamily CelticLanguageFamily TheCelticLanguageFamily GeneticClassification 3 Otherlanguagefamilies Forinstance TheSino TibetanFamily Sino referstoalltheChineselanguagesspokenmainlyinMainlandChina TaiwanandHo
14、ngKong Tibetan referstoseverallanguagesspokeninTibetandBurma GeneticClassification 4 TheAustronesianLanguageFamily ThisfamilyisrangingfromMadagascartoEasterIsland fromTaiwantoNewZealand including1 200languagesintotal Theoriginofthisfamily probablyTaiwan Madagascar Indonesia orNewGuineaEvenifTaiwanis
15、nottheorigin theAustronesianlanguagesinTaiwanareprobablysomeoftheoldestinthisfamilyaccordingtolinguisticandbiologicalevidence GeneticClassification Problems Problems Thisclassificationismainlybasedonwrittenrecords However manylanguagese g theAustronesianlanguagesdonothavewritingsystems Thelanguagesm
16、ayhavenohistoricalrelationshipbuttheycanconverge sotheyseemtobethemembersofthesamelanguagefamily Crystal1998 p 206 Fijianvs Japanese Conversely relatedlanguagescanbeinfluencedbyotherlanguagesandbecomeverydifferent p 206 SouthernMinvs Taiwanese Convergence AtermusedinSociolinguisticstorefertoaprocessofdialectchangeinwhichthedialectsbecomemorelikeeachother Crystal2007 p 108 Divergence AtermusedinSociolinguisticstorefertoaprocessofdialectchangeinwhichthedialectsbecomelessliketoeachother Crystal2007
