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1、國立台灣大學生態學與演化生物學研究所碩、博士專題討論摘要 日期：2008 年5 月 9日題目：圈養環境下獼猴的消化時間跟種子發芽的關係講者：張倪禛指導教授：李玲玲博士摘要：過去很多研究顯示，食性廣泛的靈長類在食果時，會把種子帶離母樹，減少種子在母樹下的競爭和被捕食的機會；同時靈長類的消化過程可破壞種皮，增加種子發芽率，因此認為靈長類對植物種子傳播有正面的影響。然而食物組成不同，可能影響食物通過消化道所需時間(gut retention time)。而食物通過消化道所需時間，不僅會影響食物中種子被消化的程度，繼而影響其活存與發芽的比率，也會影響種子被傳播的距離。例如：過去研究指出，食物中纖維所佔
2、的比例會影響a.食物通過某些靈長類消化道所需時間。Campbell (2004)在對狐猴(lemur）的研究中發現，食物中含的纖維比例不同，消化所需的時間也不相同。但Remis (2004)在對金剛猩猩(gorilla)的研究中，則未發現此一現象。推測可能是金剛猩猩為較專一的食果者，因此其腸胃道對食物中纖維比例的變化較無反應，而狐猴由於食性中包含了較高比例的纖維，因此消化道可改變消化時間來因應不同的纖維比例。至於不同的消化時間對種子活存與萌發的影響，則極為有限。獼猴(Macaca sp.）為廣布在亞洲和北非的一帶，以植物性食物為主食，取食對象相當廣泛的靈長類動物。以台灣獼猴為例，不同地區的台灣
3、獼猴食物中果實佔的比率可以由38%到57%，變動相當大。為瞭解取食不同食物比例，對於種子通過獼猴消化道所需時間和發芽率的影響，本研究擬在屏東科技大學野生動物收容中心，針對三種圈養環境下的獼猴-馬來獼猴，台灣獼猴以及日本獼猴進行餵食實驗，以探討：1.不同纖維比例的食物是否會造成獼猴的消化時間差異？2.不同的消化時間是否會影響種子的發芽率？3. 消化時間與種子發芽率的種間變異，並希望能藉此評估當野外的食物資源變化時，獼猴是否有不同的種子傳播效益。參考文獻：Remis, M. J. and E. S. 2004. Dierenfeld. Digesta passage, digestibility
4、and behavior in captive gorillas under two dietary regimens. International Journal of Primatology, 25(4): 825-845Campbell, J. L., C. V. Williams, and J. H. Eisemann. 2004. Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species(Propithecus verreauxi coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variega
5、ta, and Eulemur fulvus): Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency?American Journal of Primatology 64:323335 Lambert, J. E. 1998. Primate digestion: Interactions among anatomy, physiology, and feeding ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology 7(1): 8-20Lambert, J. E. 2002. Digestive retention times in fo
6、rest guenons (Cercopithecus spp.) with reference to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) International Journal of Primatology 23(6): 1169-1185.Topic:Gut retention time and seed germination in captive Macaca spp.Speaker:Ni-Chen ChangAdvisor:Dr. Ling-Ling LeeAbstract:Previous research suggested that primates
7、 can take seeds away from their parent trees, hence reduce intra-species competition and predation by seed predators. At the same times, seed coats of seeds swallowed by primates can be removed or destroyed in the digestive process, hence facilitate seed germination. Thus primates can increase plant
8、s fitness by facilitating seed dispersal. However, different diet composition may affect gut retention time and the degree that seeds are affected, hence seed survival and germination rates, as well as the distance seeds can be dispersed. For examples: ratio of fibers in the diet may affect gut rete
9、ntion time in certain primate species but not others. Campbell (2004) found that different ratio of fibers in diet can cause different retention time in lemurs, but this is not found in Remiss (2004) research of gorillas. Reasons for such difference may be that gorillas are specific frugivore and th
10、eir guts can not react to different ratio of fibers in the diet, whereas lemurs can change their gut retention time because they eat higher ratio of fibers in their ordinary diet. Research on the effects of different gut retention time on seed germination has been scanty.Macaca sp. are widely distri
11、buted in Asia and north Africa. They are mainly plant eater consuming a wide variety of plant species and parts. For example, ratio of fruit in the diest of Macaca cyclopis may vary between 38% and 57% in different area in Taiwan. To understand how food composition affect gut retention time and seed
12、s germination, we plan to conduct feeding tests among Macaca cyclopis, Macaca fascicularis and Macaca fuscata at the wildlife rescue center of NPUST. The aims of this studies are to examine: 1. if diet composition affect gut retention times in Macaca sp.? 2. if gut retention time affect seed germina
13、tion? 3. interspecific variation in gut retention time and seed germination. Information from this study will be useful in evaluating potential effect of seed dispersal by Macaca sp.in the wild with different diet composition in different season when food resource change.Reference:Remis, M. J. and E
14、. S. 2004. Dierenfeld. Digesta passage, digestibility and behavior in captive gorillas under two dietary regimens. International Journal of Primatology, 25(4): 825-845Campbell, J. L., C. V. Williams, and J. H. Eisemann. 2004. Use of total dietary fiber across four lemur species(Propithecus verreauxi
15、 coquereli, Hapalemur griseus griseus, Varecia variegata, and Eulemur fulvus): Does fiber type affect digestive efficiency?American Journal of Primatology 64:323335 Lambert, J. E. 1998. Primate digestion: Interactions among anatomy, physiology, and feeding ecology. Evolutionary Anthropology 7(1): 8-20Lambert, J. E. 2002. Digestive retention times in forest guenons (Cercopithecus spp.) with reference to chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) International Journal of Primatology 23(6): 1169-1185.
