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1、定语从句 Theattributiveclause 一 定义及相关术语 1 定语从句 用来修饰名词 代词 句子等 在句中的作用相当于形容词 故又称为形容词性从句 2 先行词 被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词 3 关系词 引导定语从句的词叫关系词 关系词有关系代词和关系副词关系代词 who whom whose that which as等 在句中作主 表 宾 定等成分 关系副词 where when why 介词 which 在句中作状语 关系词通常有下列三个作用 A 引导定语从句 B 代替先行词 C 在定语从句中担当一个成分 Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatheri
2、sapoliceman 二 关系代词引导的定语从句 1 That代指人和物的先行词 在从句中作主语或宾语 1 Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly 主语 2 ThenoodlesthatIlookedweredelicious 宾语 3 Let saskthemanthatisreadingthebookoverthere 主语 4 ThegirlthatwesawyesterdayisJim sister 宾语 2 Which代指物的先行词 在从句中作主语或宾语 1 Theyplantedthetreeswhichdidn tneedmuchwater 主语 3 whowho
3、m代指人的先行词 在从句中分别作主语和宾语 口语中who也可作宾语 1 TheforeignerwhovisitedourschoolyesterdayisfromCanada 主语 2 Thefishwhichweboughtwerenotfresh 宾语 2 TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledMichael 主语 4 Mr Readistheprofessortowhomyoushouldwrite 宾语 3 ThepersontowhomyoujusttalkedisMr Li 宾语 3 Thisisthebookwhosecoverisblue 4 whos
4、e代指人或物的先行词 在从句中作定语 1 MissFloweristheteacherwhosehousecaughtfirelastweek 2 Thisistheboywhosecompositiontheteachertalkedof 3 先行词指物 在限制性定语从句中做主语或宾语 可用which that做宾语时常可省略 Thisisthepen which that heboughtyesterday Thefactorywhich thatmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere 四 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句 关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时 从句常常由
5、 介词 关系代词 相当于关系副词 引出 介词 关系代词中介词的选定要根据a 谓语动词的固定搭配e g Thisistheevidencewithwhichthecaseisconnected b 先行词e g I llneverforgetthedayonwhich whenIjoinedtheparty c 句子表达的意思e g ThebossinwhosedepartmentMrKingworkedgotsacked d 在非限制性定语从句中 名词 代词 of which whom表示整体与部分的关系e g Theworkers someofwhomstayedforfouryears c
6、amefromdifferentcountries e 介词的位置一般放在关系代词之前 有时也可放在从句中原来的位置上 e g Wediditinthesamewayinwhichhedid whichhedidin 注意 1 含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开 介词仍放在短语动词的后面 如 lookfor lookafter takecareof等 Thisisthewatch which that Iamlookingfor Thebabies whom who that thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy 若介词放在关系代词前 关系代词指人时只可用whom
7、 不可用who that 关系代词指物时只可用which 不可用that 关系代词是所有格时用whose Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour Themanwiththat whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable 介词 关系代词 前还可有some any none all both neither many most eac
8、h few等代词或者数词 Heloveshisparentsdeeply bothofwhomareverykindtohim Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples someofwhichhavegonebad Uptonow hehaswrittentenstories threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife 五 关系副词引导的定语从句 1 先行词指时间 且在定语从句中作时间状语时用when或介词 关系代词引导 IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool Thetimewhenwegot
9、togetherfinallyarrived October1 1949wasthedaywhenthePeople sRepublicofChinawasfounded Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents 2 先行词指地点 且在定语从句中作地点状语时用where或介词 关系代词引导 ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbe
10、enpulleddown Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy 3 先行词指原因 且在定语从句中作原因状语时用why或介词 关系代词引导 Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous Idon tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday 注意 关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用 介词 关系代词 引导的定语从句来表示 Fromtheyearswhen inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschooli
11、nthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup 四 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 A 限制性定语从句形式上不用逗号 与主句隔开 意义上是先行词不可缺少的定语 如删除 主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整 B 非限制性定语从句形式上用逗号 与主句隔开 是对先行词的补充说明 如删除 主句仍能表达完整的意思 不可用that引导 五 限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 1 当先行词是everything anything nothing something除外 all none few little some等代词时 或当先行词受ever
12、y any all some no little few much等代词修饰时 HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr Lisaid Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld Hestayedinthelibraryandlookedupanyinformationthattheyneeded Anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 注意 当先行词指人时 偶尔也可用关系代词who Allthegueststhat whowereinvitedtoher
13、weddingwereimportantpeople Anymanthat whohasasenseofdutywon tdosuchathing 2 当先行词被序数词修饰时 ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen 3 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen 4 当先行词被thevery theonly thelast修饰时 ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy Afterthefireinhishouse theoldcaristheon
14、lythingthatheowns 注意 当先行词指人时 通常用关系代词who WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting 5 当先行词前面有who which等疑问代词时 Whoisthemanthatisstandingbythegate WhichistheT shirtthatfitsmemost 6 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时 Theytalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthattheyrememberedatschool Lookatthemanandhisdonkeythatarewa
15、lkingupthestreet 六 关系代词as和which引导的定语从句 as和which引导非限制性定语从句时 其用法有相同之处 也有不同之处 具体情况是 1 as和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语 代表前面整个句子 Hemarriedher as whichwasnatural Heishonest as whichwecansee 2 as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前 主句之后 甚至还可以分割主句 which引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后 另外 as常常有 正如 正像 的含义 Asisknowntoall Chinaisadevelopingcountry
16、Heisfromthesouth aswecanknowfromhisaccent John asyouknow isafamouswriter ZhangHuahasbeentoParismorethantentimes whichIdon tbelieve 注意 当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时 关系词往往只用which 如 Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain whichmadehisteacherveryangry Thesetablesaremadeofmetal whichmadethemveryheavy 3 在限制性定语从句中 当先行词受such thesame修饰时 关系词常用as I veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek 注意 当先行词受thesame修饰时 偶尔也用that引导定语从句 但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别 Sheworethesamedressthatshew
