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1、s建筑环境设计建筑被动式热环境设计 (向外发的资料)宿斌博士Tel 8154321 ext 7847, Fax 8154343, bsuunitec.ac.nz, Room 2042D Building oneChapter 1 Climate and Building Thermal Design第一节 气候和建筑热设计1.1 Main Climatic Types for Building Thermal Design 建筑热设计的主要气候类型The process of identifying, understanding and controlling climatic influen
2、ces at the building site is perhaps the most critical part of building design. The key objectives of climatic design include:可能在建筑设计中最关键的就是对建筑基地气候影响的认识，理解和控制的过程。气候设计的主要宗旨包括： To reduce energy consumption and cost of a building减少能源浪费和建筑造价 To use natural energy instead of mechanical system and powe用自然能
3、源来取代人工机械系统 To provide comfortable and health environment for people为人们提供健康舒适的环境For the purposes of building thermal design in the particular location, the climates are commonly classified as four basic climate types (see Figure 1): 为了达到在特殊地区建筑热设计的目的，气候通常被分为四个基本的类型（见表1）： Cold climate (cool), 冷气候 Temp
4、erate climate (moderate),温带（ 四季分明）气候 Hot-dry climate (arid) 干热气候 Warm-humid climate (humid tropic). 湿热气候In cold climate, the main problem is the lack of heat（热量缺乏） (under heating), or an excessive heat dissipation（过多的热量损耗） for all or most parts of the year. In temperate climate, there is a seasonal
5、variation between under heating and overheating, but neither is very severe. In hot-dry climate, the main problem is overheating, but the air is dry, so the evaporative cooling mechanism（蒸汽冷却装置） of the body is not restricted. There is usually a large diurnal (day - night) temperature variation. In w
6、arm-humid climates, the overheating is not as great as in hot-dry areas, but it is aggravate by very high humidity, restricting the evaporation potential. The diurnal temperature variation is small. 冷气候，主要的问题是全年或一年的大部分中热量缺乏，或者过度的热量损耗。温带气候，在热量不足和过热之间有季节的变换，但并不会过度。干燥气候，主要是过热，但是空气是干燥的，所以身体的蒸汽冷却装置是不受限制的
7、。并且通常有很大的昼夜温差。湿热气候，不像干热气候那么热，但非常高的湿度恶化了气候，它限制了可能的蒸发作用。昼夜温差很小。Figure 1Climate zones for building thermal design表1：建筑热设计气候分区1.1.1 Cold Climate:冷气候Cold regions are defined as the regions with average temperatures during the winter months below freezing 0C and with cool to comfortable summer conditions.
8、 In such regions the main climatic design concerns are to minimise heating energy in the buildings, prevent discomfort from drafts, and minimise cold discomfort outdoors. Summer comfort issues in these regions are minor in comparison with winter problems and it is assumed that just good ventilation
9、can ensure indoor comfort.冷气候被定义为，冬季各月的平均气温低于0度并且夏季凉爽的地区。在这些地区气候设计主要关注于减小用于建筑加热的能量，阻止穿堂风带来的不舒适，并且减小户外的冷空气进入。夏季的舒适性问题和冬季比起来是次要的，辅助的，并且大家认为只要有好的通风换气就能保证室内的舒适。Outdoor cold discomfort is strongly affected by the wind speed which, together with the air temperature, determines the so-called wind-chill. He
10、nce the importance of wind protection in open public spaces such as streets, winter playgrounds, and parks with winter activities.室外冷的不舒适度主要是被风速所影响，再加上空气温度，决定了所谓的寒风。因此公共空间如街道，冬季运动场和带有冬季活动的公园的风的保护是很重要的。Northeast China, North European, Russia, Canada, United States.中国东北，北欧，俄罗斯，加拿大，美国。1.1.2 Temperate C
11、limate:温带气候Regions with cold winters and hot-humid summers are found mainly in the eastern parts of continents (e.g., in China, Japan, and the United States) between the latitudes of approximately 30 and 45N. Throughout the whole climate zone the summers are humid and warm to hot, while the winters
12、are cold to very cold, and substantial heating is required in the buildings. In the northern parts of this climatic zone the winters are more severe than the summers, while in the southern parts summers may be the most severe season.冬季寒冷夏季湿热的地区主要分布在北纬约30-45度之间的大陆东部（比如，在中国，日本，美国的东部）Summer daytime tem
13、peratures in this climatic type are often above 30C, accompanied by high humidity. The summer is also the rainy season. Winters are cold, with temperatures often well below the freezing level. The dominant wind directions in regions with hot-humid summers and cold winters are often different in the
14、two seasons. In the eastern United States, the winter winds are mainly from the Northwest and in summer from the south and Southwest. In eastern China the winds in winter are mainly from the north and in summer mainly from the Southeast. These seasonal changes of the wind direction can be utilised i
15、n urban and building design to enhance the wind in summer and to suppress it in winter.夏季白天的气温常高于30度，同时伴有高湿度。夏季也是雨季。冬季寒冷，温度常常低于结冰温度。在夏季湿热冬季寒冷地区的主导风向在两个季节常常是不同的。在美国东部，冬季主导风向来自西北，夏季来自南向和西南向。这种风向的季节性变化在城市和建筑设计中可以用来提高夏季的风和抑制冬季的风。1.1.3 Hot-dry Climate:干热气候Hot dry regions are found in the subtropical latitudes, approximately between 15 and 30 degrees north and south of the equator, in central and western Asia, the Middle East, Africa, North and South America, and in central and Northwest Australia. These regions are characterised mainly by their aridity, high summer dayti
