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1、十二、特殊句式之一：倒装和省略（一）倒装I.知识重点1.掌握全部倒装和部分倒装的情况. 2.掌握一些特殊倒装的情况.II.知识呈现:倒装是指句子成分不是按主语在前、谓语在后的正常语序排列, 而是将谓语或谓语的一部分移到主语之前。倒装是一种修辞手段, 目的是为了强调。倒装分为部分倒装和全部倒装, 考试多为部分倒装。考生应掌握什么情况下需要倒装,并对倒装后的句子认出来, 避免做题时候的盲目和迷茫。1、用全部倒装的情况全部倒装一般是存在以下列副词开头的句子中, 全部倒装的方法是把句子的主谓语序颠倒过来, 把谓语移到主语前面：1）出于修辞需要, 表示方向的副词：out, down, in ,up, a
2、way, on。如：Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.Up went the plane2)出于习惯用法：here, there, now, thus, then.如：Now is your turn. There goes the bell.There existed a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of work注意：here, there用于倒装结构时主语一般为名词, 如果是人称代词
3、则不需要倒装“ Where is the cup？” “Here it is！” Here you are. There he comes.3)有时主语较长, 为了使句子平衡, 避免头重脚轻, 主谓要全部倒装。这种情况多出现在主系表结构中。如：Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.2、用部分倒装情况部分倒装一般是把句子谓语的一部分（主要是助动词或系动词）放到句子主语前, 构成部分倒装, 而全部倒装则把句子的谓语（包括实义动词）都放在主语前1）下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句
4、首,句子的主谓要部分倒装 ：never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in vain, still less。如： Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus o
5、n. Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.注：如果谓语动词是单个实义动词, 倒装时需根据人称和时态加助动词do。如：Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.2). 以only修饰状语（副词, 介词短语, 状语从句）开头的句子, 句子的主谓要部分倒装：only then, only at that time, only once,
6、only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.A. can you B. would you C. you will D. you can3). 以下列副词或短语开头的句子, 句子的主谓要部分倒装：often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such e
7、xtremes, to such a point, many a time 如：So involved with their computersdo the children becomethat leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.4). 用于前面所说的情况也适用于另一人（物）的肯定句或否定句中的倒装肯定重复倒装用so. They have got up, and so has Jack.否定重复倒装用nor, neither, no more. If
8、you dont agree to our plan, neither will they.5). “not only.but also”结构时, 如果not only 放在句首,则前半句but (also)句子后面不倒装 Not only did we lose all our money, but we also came close to being broke.3、特殊的倒装结构 特殊形式的倒装结构是指句子虽然是倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而往往是出于强调的需要, 把强调部分移到句首, 而其它部分顺序不需要改变, 句子主谓不需要倒装。出现这样的情况有以下几种可能：1). 让步从句的倒
9、装。 as引导让步状语从句, 必须采用倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而是将被强调的内容置 于句首。如：Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.Brave as they are, they are afraid of fight.2）.no matter how(who);however引导的让步状语从句必须采用倒装结构, 但不是主谓倒装, 而是将被强调的内容置于句首。如：No matter how busy he is , he has
10、to attend the meetingHowever cold it is , he always goes swimming.3)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有 were, had, should 等词, 可将 if 省略, 把were, had, should 移到主语之前, 采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again. 4) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中： May you all be happy. (二)省 略 I.知识要点 掌握英语中各种省略情况II.知识呈现省略在英语运用中，尤其是在交际对话中普遍存在，因为它可以避免重复，突出关键词语，能做到言
11、简意赅，并使上下文紧密连接。在历年的高考题中也屡见不鲜。省略有词法上的省略，也有句法上的省略，有的学者把某些替代也看作一种省略。词法上的省略 1. 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 1）如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。如： These are Johns books and those are Marys (books).2）名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略 如： at the doctors at Mr. Greens to my unclesat the barbers 2. 冠词的省略 1）为了避免重复 The lightni
12、ng flashed and thunder crashed.（thunder前省略了定冠词the） 2）在the next day (morning, week, year.)等短语中，有时为了使语气紧凑定冠词the 常可 以省略。如：We went to the farm to help the farmers with the harvest (the) next day. 3）在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。如： She sings best in the class. 4）在某些独立主格结构中。如： Our teacher came in, book in hand. (=Ou
13、r teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) 5）在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。如： Child as he is, he knows a lot. 3. 介词的省略 1）both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复 数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。如： Both (of) the films were interesting. She invited both of us to her birthday party.2）在现在完成时表持续和重复的句
14、型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。如： These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. 3）被动结构中，如果没有必要强调动作的执行者，则可以省略介词by短语。如： The letter was posted (by me) yesterday. 4）和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如：consider. (as)., prevent / stop. (from)doing., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing.,spend. (in) doing. 等中的介词可以省略。 T
15、rees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river? I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.4. 动词不定式中的省略 1）有些动词，如：believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构to be + n. / adj. 中的to be可以省略。如： I consider him (to be) lazy.His mother found him (to be) a cleve
