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1、 Positive Impact of Industrial Robots on Employment February 2013 Metra Martech Positive Impact of Industrial Robots on Employment Updated in January 2013 to take account of more recent data Metra Martech Blank page Peter Gorle CEng FIMechE and Andrew Clive MA Econ Cantab Updated 15th January 2013 M
2、ETRA MARTECH Limited Telephone 44 0 208 742 7888 7 Chiswick High Road email peter gorle metra London W4 2ND http www metra Metra Martech 7319 2011 2013 Page 1 SUMMARY 1 1 1 Overall rise in employment 1 1 2 Changes since the 2011 study 3 1 3 Employment directly due to the use of robotics 5 1 4 Employ
3、ment indirectly due to the use of robotics 6 1 5 Potential for new job creation up to 2016 9 2 INTRODUCTION 11 3 THE ECONOMIC FACTORS 13 3 1 Displacement and re employment 13 3 2 Globalisation of the market 15 3 3 Increasing speed of technology development 15 3 4 Age and skills profiles 16 3 5 Wage
4、costs and the availability of low cost labour 19 3 6 Health safety and environment 21 4 NOTES ON THE SECTORS AS ROBOT USERS 23 4 1 The robotics industry itself 23 4 2 Need for precision and consistency 23 4 3 Health and Safety may cause change to robots 25 4 4 Making or maintaining manufacturing via
5、bility 28 5 HOW MUCH EMPLOYMENT IS DEPENDENT ON ROBOTICS 29 5 1 Background 29 5 2 Precision and consistency 29 5 3 Unsatisfactory working conditions 35 5 4 Protection of local industry 39 6 THE POSITION OF SME 43 6 1 Profile of SME 43 6 2 SME and use of robots 44 7 EXPECTATIONS UP TO 2016 47 7 1 Eco
6、nomic factors 47 7 2 Growth per sector 49 7 3 Change factors 51 7 4 New growth sectors 52 7 5 Food and drink 52 7 6 Renewable energy 55 7 7 Electrical storage media and electric vehicles 59 7 8 Growth of service robots 62 Notes on definitions 64 Metra Martech Rate of unemployment trend vs Numbers of
7、 robots in use UNEMPLOYMENT Number of robots Note the different left hand scale for Brazil and Japan 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 19952000200520102015 Brazil 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 50 000 100 000 150 000 200 000 25
8、0 000 300 000 350 000 400 000 450 000 19952000200520102015 Japan 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 000 160 000 180 000 19952000200520102015 China 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 00
9、0 160 000 180 000 19952000200520102015 Rep of Korea 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 000 160 000 180 000 19952000200520102015 Germany 0 00 2 00 4 00 6 00 8 00 10 00 12 00 14 00 0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000 140 000 160 000 1
10、80 000 19952000200520102015 USA 1 Positive Impact of Industrial Robots on Employment Metra Martech 1 SUMMARY 1 1 Overall rise in employment Overall paid employment has risen in most countries In the six considered here only Japan has seen a decline This is driven by increasing participation of women
11、 and increases in population including immigration in some cases It is also caused by the increasing demand for services and the creation of completely new products and markets often related to the application of electronics to communication The statistics mainly show reduction in employment in manu
12、facturing in the developed countries often a small reduction It coincides with an increase in output and an increase in robotics use except in the case of Japan The extra number that have gained employment in the years 2000 to 2011 is far greater than the small numbers losing their jobs in manufactu
13、ring The new jobs have been in 1 distribution and services Some of the distribution jobs are the result of manufacturers outsourcing their distribution In the past these jobs would have been classified as part of manufacturing 2 and also in new manufacturing applications particularly using technolog
14、y advances to create new consumer products phones computers games etc In the industrialising countries as could be expected there has been a sharp rise in employment in manufacturing as well as increase in output Productivity increases are not just caused by automation and robotics but it is one of
15、three main factors along with increased size of manufacturing plants and the globalisation of sourcing Note while the IFR numbers provide a clear basis from which to work it has not always been possible to separate robotics from automation in our analyses Individual countries differ greatly manufact
16、uring accounts for only 11 of employment in USA but 24 in Germany and it is as high as 27 in more recently industrialising countries such as The Republic of Korea The level of robotics use has almost always doubled in all of the six countries except Japan in the eleven years covered by the study The proportion of the workforce that is unemployed has generally reduced except in the USA The most recent figures show the short term effect of the economic crisis and the apparent resumption of the gen
