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1、CHAPTER 5 THE MARKET FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGESUGGESTED ANSWERS AND SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMSQUESTIONS1. Give a full definition of the market for foreign exchange.Answer: Broadly defined, the foreign exchange (FX) market encompasses the conversion of purchasing power from one cur
2、rency into another, bank deposits of foreign currency, the extension of credit denominated in a foreign currency, foreign trade financing, and trading in foreign currency options and futures contracts.2. What is the difference between the retail or client market and the wholesale or interbank market
3、 for foreign exchange?Answer: The market for foreign exchange can be viewed as a two-tier market. One tier is the wholesale or interbank market and the other tier is the retail or client market. International banks provide the core of the FX market. They stand willing to buy or sell foreign currency
4、 for their own account. These international banks serve their retail clients, corporations or individuals, in conducting foreign commerce or making international investment in financial assets that requires foreign exchange. Retail transactions account for only about 14 percent of FX trades. The oth
5、er 86 percent is interbank trades between international banks, or non-bank dealers large enough to transact in the interbank market.3. Who are the market participants in the foreign exchange market?Answer: The market participants that comprise the FX market can be categorized into five groups: inter
6、national banks, bank customers, non-bank dealers, FX brokers, and central banks. International banks provide the core of the FX market. Approximately 100 to 200 banks worldwide make a market in foreign exchange, i.e., they stand willing to buy or sell foreign currency for their own account. These in
7、ternational banks serve their retail clients, the bank customers, in conducting foreign commerce or making international investment in financial assets that requires foreign exchange. Non-bank dealers are large non-bank financial institutions, such as investment banks, mutual funds, pension funds, a
8、nd hedge funds, whose size and frequency of trades make it cost- effective to establish their own dealing rooms to trade directly in the interbank market for their foreign exchange needs.Most interbank trades are speculative or arbitrage transactions where market participants attempt to correctly ju
9、dge the future direction of price movements in one currency versus another or attempt to profit from temporary price discrepancies in currencies between competing dealers.FX brokers match dealer orders to buy and sell currencies for a fee, but do not take a position themselves. Interbank traders use
10、 a broker primarily to disseminate as quickly as possible a currency quote to many other dealers.Central banks sometimes intervene in the foreign exchange market in an attempt to influence the price of its currency against that of a major trading partner, or a country that it “fixes” or “pegs” its c
11、urrency against. Intervention is the process of using foreign currency reserves to buy ones own currency in order to decrease its supply and thus increase its value in the foreign exchange market, or alternatively, selling ones own currency for foreign currency in order to increase its supply and lo
12、wer its price.4. How are foreign exchange transactions between international banks settled?Answer: The interbank market is a network of correspondent banking relationships, with large commercial banks maintaining demand deposit accounts with one another, called correspondent bank accounts. The corre
13、spondent bank account network allows for the efficient functioning of the foreign exchange market. As an example of how the network of correspondent bank accounts facilities international foreign exchange transactions, consider a U.S. importer desiring to purchase merchandise invoiced in guilders fr
14、om a Dutch exporter. The U.S. importer will contact his bank and inquire about the exchange rate. If the U.S. importer accepts the offered exchange rate, the bank will debit the U.S. importers account for the purchase of the Dutch guilders. The bank will instruct its correspondent bank in the Nether
15、lands to debit its correspondent bank account the appropriate amount of guilders and to credit the Dutch exporters bank account. The importers bank will then debit its books to offset the debit of U.S. importers account, reflecting the decrease in its correspondent bank account balance.5. What is me
16、ant by a currency trading at a discount or at a premium in the forward market?Answer: The forward market involves contracting today for the future purchase or sale of foreign exchange. The forward price may be the same as the spot price, but usually it is higher (at a premium) or lower (at a discount) than the spot price.6. Why does most interbank currency trading worldwide involve the U.S. dollar?
