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1、SECTIONII BODYSTRUCTUREANDBODYSYSTEMS Chapter4 Objectives Writethemeaningsofthewordpartspresentedinthischapter choosetheircorrectmeaningswhenpresentedwithseveralanswers andrecognizeandwritethemeaningsofthewordpartswhentheyappearinmedicalterms Writethemeaningsandrecognizethedefinitionsoftermsrelatedt
2、odirectionalaspectsofthebody Choosethecorrectdefinitionsfortermspresentedinthischapterthatarerelatedtobodystructuresandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Matchtermsrelatedtobodyfluidswiththeirdescriptionsandwritethetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions Choosethecorrectdefinit
3、ionsfortermsrelatedtobodycavitiespresentedinthischapterandwritetheappropriatetermswhenpresentedwiththeirdefinitions OUTLINE TheanatomicpositionandreferenceplanesofthebodyBodycavitiesBodystructuresBodyfluidsComprehensivereviewexercises TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Anatomicreferences
4、ystemsprovideuniformityinregardtodescriptionsofthebody Theanatomicpositionmeansthatapersonisstandingerectwiththearmsatthesideandthepalmsforward Thispositionisusedasareferencewhendescribingthelocationordirectionofvariousbodystructuresorparts TheAnatomicPositionandReferencePlanesoftheBody Unlessstated
5、otherwise alldescriptionsoflocationorpositionassumethatthebodyisintheanatomicposition Committomemorythefollowingtermsthatrelatetovariousdirectionsofthebody DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningAnterioranter onearertoortowardthefront ventralPosteriorposter onearertoortowardtheback dorsal DIRECTIO
6、NALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningVentralventr obellyside sameasanteriorsurfaceDorsaldors odirectedtowardorsituatedonthebackside sameasposteriorsurface DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningMedial medianmedi omiddleornearerthemiddleLaterallater otowardtheside denotingapositionfartherfromthemidline
7、ofthebodyorfromastructure DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningSuperiorsuper ouppermostoraboveInferiorinfer olowermostorbelow DIRECTIONALTERMS TermCombiningFormMeaningProximalproxim onearesttheorginorpointofattachmentDistaldist ofarordistantfromtheoriginorpointofattachment DIRECTIONALTERMS TermC
8、ombiningFormMeaningCephaladcephal otowardtheheadCaudadcaud otowardthetailorinaposteriordirection Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfron
9、tCaud o Exercise1 Reviewsomeofthetermsthathavebeenusedtoindicatedirection Writeawordineachblanktocompetethetablecorrectly Thefirstonehasbeendoneasanexample CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingAnter oanteriorfrontCaud ocaudaltail Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist o Dors o Infer o Lat
10、er o Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingDist odistalfarDors odorsalbackInfer oinferiorbelowLater olateralside Exercise1 CombiningFormAnatomicTermBasicMeaingMedi omedialmiddleormedianPoster oposteriorbehindProxim oproximalnearSuper osuperioraboveVentr oventralbelly BodyCavities Thebodyhast
11、womajorcavities whicharespaceswithinthebodythatcontaininternalorgans Thetwoprincipalbodycavitiesarethedorsalcavity locatedneartheposterioraspectofthebody andtheventralcavity locatedneartheanterioraspect Bothcavitiesaresubdividedasshown BodyCavities Thedorsalcavityisdividedintothecranialandspinalcavi
12、ties Thecranialcavitycontainsthebrainandthespinalcavitycontainsthespinalcordandthebeginningsofthespinalnerves BodyCavities Theotherprincipalbodycavityistheventralcavity Largeorganscontainedintheventralcavityarecalledviscera Theventralcavityissubdividedintothethoraciccavityandtheabdominopelvic abdomi
13、nalandpelvic cavity Themusculardiaphragmdividesthethoracicandabdominopelviccavities Theabdominopelviccavitycanbethoughtofasasinglecavityorastwocavities theabdominalandpelviccavities althoughnowallseparatesthem Amembranecalledtheperitoneumlinestheabdominopelviccavityandinveststheinternalorgans Perito
14、neum likeallserousmembranes secretesalubricatingfluidthatallowstheorganstoglideagainstoneanotheroragainstthecavitywall Astickingtogetheroftwostructuresthatarenormallyseparatediscalledanadhesion Abdominaladhesionsareusuallycausedbyinflammationortrauma injury andaretreatedsurgicallyiftheycauseintestin
15、alobstructionorexcessivediscomfort BodyStructures Thecellisthesmallestfunctionalunitofthehumanbodyand infact ofallorganisms Cellscomprisethetissuesofthebody whichinturnmakeuporgans Eachbodysystemisagroupoforgansthatworktogetherforaspecificpurpose Thehumanorganismhasmanybodysystems Manybodystructurew
16、illbediscussedelsewhereinthisbook Thefollowinglistincludesseveraltermsthateitherdonotpertaintoaparticularbodysystemofmaypertaintomorethanonesystem Committhefollowinglisttomemory SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningAbdomin oabdomenAcr oextremities armsandlegs Blephar oeyelidCephal oheadChir ohand SELECTEDCOMBININGFORMSTHATRELATETOBODYSTRUCTURES CombiningFormsMeaningCyst ocyst bladder orsacDactyl odigit toes fingersorboth Lapar oabdominalwallOmphal oumbilicus nave
