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1、AHistoryofInstructionalDesignandTechnology RobertA Reiser Florida StateUniversity Member 2 Aswasindicatedinthefirstchapterofthisbook overtheyears twopracticestheuseofsystematicinstructionaldesignprocedures oftensimplycalledinstructionaldesign andtheuseofmediaforinstructionalpurposes haveformedthecor
2、eofthefieldofinstructionaldesignandtechnology Thischapterwillreviewthehistoryofthefieldbyexaminingthehistoryofinstructionalmediaandthehistoryofinstructionaldesign Fromahistoricalperspective mostofthepracticesrelatedtoinstructionalmediahaveoccurredindependentofdevelopmentsassociatedwithinstructionald
3、esign Thereforethehistoryofeachofthesetwosetsofpracticeswillbedescribedseparately Itshouldalsobenotedthatalthoughmanyimportanteventsinthehistoryofthefieldofinstructionaldesignandtechnologyhavetakenplaceinothercountries theemphasisinthischapterwillbeoneventsthathavetakenplaceintheUnitedStates 3 文章 Th
4、eterminstructionalmediahasbeendefinedasthephysicalmeansviawhichinstructionispresentedtolearners Reiserhowever inmostdiscussionsofthehistoryofinstructionalmedia thethreeprimarymeansofinstructionpriortothetwentiethcentury andstillthemostcommonmeanstoday theteacher thechalkboard andthetextbook havebeen
5、categorizedseparatelyfromothermedia cf CommissiononInstructionalTechnology 1970 Inordertoclearlydescribethehistoryofmedia thisviewpointwillbeemployedinthischapter Thus instructionalmediawillbedefinedasthephysicalmeans otherthantheteacher chalkboard andtextbook viawhichinstructionispresentedtolearner
6、s HistoryofInstructionalMedia IntheUnitedStates theuseofmediaforinstructionalpurposeshasbeentracedbacktoatleastasearlyasthefirstdecadeofthetwentiethcentury Saettler 1990 Itwasatthattimethatschoolmuseumscameintoexistence AsSaettler 1968 hasindicated thesemuseums servedasthecentraladministrativeunit s
7、 forvisualinstructionby their distributionofportablemuseumexhibits stereographs three dimensionalphotographs slides films studyprints charts andotherinstructionalmaterials p 89 ThefirstschoolmuseumwasopenedinSt Louisin1905 andshortlythereafterschoolmuseumswereopenedinReading Pennsylvania andClevelan
8、d Ohio Althoughfewsuchmuseumshavebeenestablishedsincetheearly1900s thedistrict widemediacentercanbeconsideredamodernequivalent SchoolMuseums 6 SchoolMuseums Saettler 1990 hasalsostatedthatthematerialshousedinschoolmuseumswereviewedassupplementarycurriculummaterials Theywerenotintendedtosupplantthete
9、acherorthetextbook Throughoutthepastonehundredyears thisearlyviewoftheroleofinstructionalmediahasremainedprevalentintheeducationalcommunityatlarge Thatis duringthistimeperiodmosteducatorshaveviewedinstructionalmediaassupplementarymeansofpresentinginstruction Incontrast teachersandtextbooksaregeneral
10、lyviewedastheprimarymeansofpresentinginstruction andteachersareusuallygiventheauthoritytodecidewhatotherinstructionalmediatheywillemploy Overtheyears anumberofprofessionalsinthefieldofinstructionaldesignandtechnology e g Heinich 1970 havearguedagainstthisnotion indicatingthat a teachersshouldbeviewe
11、donanequalfootingwithinstructionalmedia asjustoneofmanypossiblemeansofpresentinginstruction and b teachersshouldnotbegivensoleauthorityfordecidingwhatinstructionalmediawillbeemployedinclassrooms However inthebroadeducationalcommunity theseviewpointshavenotprevailed 7 TheVisualInstructionMovementandI
12、nstructionalFilms AsSaettler 1990 hasindicated intheearlypartofthetwentiethcentury mostofthemediahousedinschoolmuseumswerevisualmedia suchasfilms slides andphotographs Thus atthetime theincreasinginterestinusingmediaintheschoolwasreferredtoasthe visualinstruction or visualeducation movement Thelatte
13、rtermwasusedatleastasfarbackas1908 whentheKeystoneViewCompanypublishedVisualEducation ateacher sguidetolanternslidesandstereographs Besidesmagiclanterns lanternslideprojectors andstereopticons stereographviewers whichwereusedinsomeschoolsduringthesecondhalfofthenineteenthcentury Anderson 1962 themot
14、ionpictureprojectorwasoneofthefirstmediadevicesusedinschools IntheUnitedStates thefirstcatalogofinstructionalfilmswaspublishedin1910 Laterthatyear thepublicschoolsystemofRochester NewYork becamethefirsttoadoptfilmsforregularinstructionaluse In1913 ThomasEdisonproclaimed Bookswillsoonbeobsoleteinthes
15、chools Itispossibletoteacheverybranchofhumanknowledgewiththemotionpicture Ourschoolsystemwillbecompletelychangedinthenexttenyears citedinSaettler 1968 p 98 8 Durningtheten yearperiodEdisonwasreferringto 1914 1923 thevisualinstructionmovementdidgrow Fivenationalprofessionalorganizationsforvisualinstr
16、uctionwereestablished fivejournalsfocusingonvisualinstructionbeganpublication morethantwentyteachertraininginstitutionsbeganofferingcoursesinvisualinstruction andatleastadozenlarge cityschoolsystemsdevelopedbureausofvisualeducation Saettler 1990 However bytheendofthatten yearperiod therevoluntarychangesineducationenvisonedbythatEdisonhadnotcomeabout Cuban 1986 indicatesthattheimpactofthevisualinstructionwaslimitedbecauseofawidevarietyoffactors includingteacherresistancetochange thedifficultlytea
