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1、赏析版2013年3月经济学人文章（英汉双语对照）汇集ContentsQuantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero12013.03.02 The workshop heroes 美国与二战：车里的英雄42013.03.02 Special report: Emerging Africa 崛起的非洲72013.3.2Lexington: The view from Maine streets132013.03.02 The penny drops 一美分硬币终将退出市场162013.03.02 Obsessions 那些痴狂182013.03.02 Cubas lead
2、ers: The new man 古巴政坛新星212013.03.02 A hard pounding, this 军工行业遭受重击252013.03.07 Timed out 是时候和时代说分手了312013.03.09Net benefits 网络净收益332013.03.09 Now for the reckoning 下面，让咱们来算算总账吧372013.03.09 Fixing the fat cats 修理肥猫482013.03.09 Flights of fancy 从幻想到空中翱翔502013.03.13 To a war footing 朝鲜半岛正在走向战争532013.03
3、.16 Silicon Spring break 硅谷狂欢552013.03.16 Looking for Indias Zuckerberg 寻找印度的扎克伯格582013.03.16 Russia after Stalin 斯大林离去后的俄罗斯612013.03.16 High, wide or handsome?642013.03.16Credit watch 信贷观察682013-03-16 The economy 美国竞争力报道 经济712013.03.16 Immigration: Own goal 移民问题：美国自摆乌龙762013.03.23The Alibaba phenom
4、enon 阿里巴巴现象832013.03.23 Vape em if you got em 拿到手，吸两口872013.03.23 The joy of stats 玩转统计学892013.03.23 Here comes the cavalry 救兵来也922013.03.30Can India become a great power? 印度能成为大国吗？942013.03.23 The price of detachment 退居二线的代价972013.03.30Bottoms up 经济转型：基本面分析101Americas JOBS Act Still not working105Q
5、uantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero【导读】根据热力学原理，绝对零度是不可达到的；但最新研究结果表明，事实并非如此Quantum Gas Goes below Absolute Zero量子气体的温度达到绝对零度以下时间:2013-01-14 15:17 来源:环球科学Ultracold atoms pave way for negative-Kelvin materials超冷原子为负绝对温度材料铺平了道路Temperature in a gas can reach below absolute zero thanks to a quirk of quant
6、um physics.Image: PHOTOCREO Michal Bednarek/Thinkstock量子物理的一种反常现象可以让某种气体的温度达到绝对零度以下照片来自PHOTOCREO Michal Bednarek/ThinkstockFrom Nature magazine本文选自自然杂志It may sound less likely than hell freezing over, but physicists have created an atomic gas with a sub-absolute-zero temperature for the first time.
7、Their technique opens the door to generating negative-Kelvin materials and new quantum devices, and it could even help to solve a cosmological mystery.这话听起来比地狱冰封了还不靠谱，但物理学家们已经史无前例地创造了一种温度低于绝对零度的原子气体。他们的方法为制造负开氏温度的材料和新型量子仪器打开了大门，而且还可能有助于解决一个宇宙学的千古谜团。Lord Kelvin defined the absolute temperature scale
8、in the mid-1800s in such a way that nothing could be colder than absolute zero. Physicists later realized that the absolute temperature of a gas is related to the average energy of its particles. Absolute zero corresponds to the theoretical state in which particles have no energy at all, and higher
9、temperatures correspond to higher average energies.19世纪中叶，开尔文勋爵（Lord Kelvin）认为任何物体的温度都不可能达到绝对零度以下，并以此定义了绝对温标。物理学家们后来意识到，某种气体的绝对温度与其粒子的平均动能相关。绝对零度对应于粒子完全没有动能的理论状态；较高的温度对应于较高的平均动能。However, by the 1950s, physicists working with more exotic systems began to realise that this isnt always true: Technicall
10、y, you read off the temperature of a system from a graph that plots the probabilities of its particles being found with certain energies. Normally, most particles have average or near-average energies, with only a few particles zipping around at higher energies. In theory, if the situation is revers
11、ed, with more particles having higher, rather than lower, energies, the plot would flip over and the sign of the temperature would change from a positive to a negative absolute temperature, explains Ulrich Schneider, a physicist at the Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany.然而到了20世纪50年代，一些研
12、究更不寻常的物质系统的物理学家开始认识到这种说法并非总是正确的：在具体操作时，人们根据某种曲线读出系统的温度，这种曲线描绘了该系统中粒子具有某些动能的几率。在正常情况下，大多数粒子的动能为平均动能或接近平均动能，只有少数粒子以较高动能运动。德国慕尼黑市的路德维希马克西米兰大学（Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany）的物理学家尤里奇施奈达（Ulrich Schneider）解释说：从理论上说，如果这种状况逆转，即如果较多粒子的动能不是较低而是较高，这一曲线就会翻转，这会改变绝对温度的符号，由正绝对温度变为负绝对温度。Peaks and v
13、alleys山顶与山谷Schneider and his colleagues reached such sub-absolute-zero temperatures with an ultracold quantum gas made up of potassium atoms. Using lasers and magnetic fields, they kept the individual atoms in a lattice arrangement. At positive temperatures, the atoms repel, making the configuration
14、 stable. The team then quickly adjusted the magnetic fields, causing the atoms to attract rather than repel each other. “This suddenly shifts the atoms from their most stable, lowest-energy state to the highest possible energy state, before they can react,” says Schneider. “Its like walking through a valley, then instantly finding yourself on the mountain peak.”施奈达和他的同事们是利用钾原子组成的超冷量子气体达到这一绝对零度以下温度的。利用激光与磁场，他们让单个原子保持点阵排列。在正绝对温度下原子相互排斥
