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1、Chapter 1 land and people 1. The British Isles, Great Britain and England are geographical names, not the official names of the country, while the official name is the United Kingdom, but the full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.The British Commonwealth is a free ass
2、ociation of independent countries that were once colonies of Britian. 2. Britain is an island country. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English channel in the south and the North Sea in the east. 3. The north and west of
3、 Britain are mainly highland, while the south and south-east are mostly lowlands. 4 Yes, it has a favourable climate, because it has a maritime type of climate-winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot.It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.It has a small r
4、ange of temperature, too. 5. The factors which influence the climate in Britain are the following three:1)The surrounding waters balance the seasonal differences;2)the prevailing south-west winds bring warm and wet air in winter and keep the temperatures moderate;3)the North Atlantic Drift,a warm cu
5、rrent,passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them. The northwestern part has the most rainfall, while the south-eastern corner is the driest. 6. Britain has a population of 57 million. It is densely populated, with an average of 237people per square kilometre. It is also very uneven
6、ly distributed , with 90%of the population in urban areas,10% in rural areas. Geographically, most British people live in England. Of the total of 57 million people, 47 million live in England, 14 million live in London and Southeastern England. 7. The three natural zones in Scotland are : the Highl
7、ands in the north, the central Lowlands ,and the southern Uplands. 8. The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons,while the Scots,Welsh and rish are Celts. 9. The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people.The Scots are hospitable ,generous and friendly.Irish are known for their charm and vivacity as
8、 well as for the beauty of their Irish girls. Throughout the year they have festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau.On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry,music,singing and art and in this way they keep the Welsh language and Welsh culture alive. 10. Hundreds of
9、years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland.Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.The former are the dominant group,while the latter are seeking more social, political and economic apportunities.The british Governm
10、ent and the government of Ireland are now working together to bring peace to Northern Ireland. Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation 1. In 55 BC and 54 BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.For nearly 400 years Britain was
11、under the Roman occupation. Though it was never a total occupation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. 2. Britain was under the Roman occupation for nearly 400 years. The Romans built many towns,roads,baths,temples and buildings.They make good use of Britains natural resources.
12、They also brought the new religion,Christianity,to Britain.However,although Britain became part of the Roman Empire,Roman influence upon Britain was very limited.The Romans treated the Britains as a subject people of slave class.they never intermarried.The romans has no influence on the language or
13、culture of ordinary Britains. 3. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the three Teutonic tribes who invaded Britain in the mid-5th century.They were Jutes,Saxons and Angles. In the 7th century, the Anglo-Saxons invaded Britain and the three tribes settled in different part of britain which was divided into
14、many small kingdoms of Kent,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria.So they have been given the name of Heptarchy. 4 The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain when they invaded Britain,and Christianity was only a fringe belief.So, in 579,Pope Gregory I sent St. Augusti
15、ne to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity.Augustine was very successful in converting the king and the nobility, and became the first Archbishop of Canterbury.But the conversion of the common people was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.Many samll
16、monasteries sprang up throughout the ocuntry. 5. Though the anglo-Saxons were brutal people, they laid the foundation of the English state.Firstly, the modern names of “England”and “English”derived from the Angles.Secondly,they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reaves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law.Thirdly ,they divised the narrow-strip,three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.Fourthly , t
