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1、Chapter3 Morphology 形态学 3 1introduction Shewenttobookshopyesterday asentence She went to Bookshop yesterday words Unfriendly aword un friend ly word likeelements morphology thestudyoftheinternalstructure formsandclassesofwords 3 2morphemes 语素 Amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunction Iti
2、sthesmallestmeaningfullinguisticunitoflanguage notdivisibleandanalyzableintosmallerforms e g blackboard twomorphemes blackandboard friendly twomorphemes friendand ly likes twomorphemes likeand s morpheme Freemorpheme Boundmorpheme 3 2 1freemorphemes自由语素 Awordmustcontainanelementthatcanstandbyitselfc
3、alledafreemorpheme Suchanelementcalledaroot e g talkbookcomputeronif Lexicalmorphemes词汇语素 Functionalmorphemes功能语素 Thesetofordinarynouns verbs andadjectives baghatecute Functionalwordsarelikeconjunctions articles prepositionsandpronouns andtheinhe freemorphemes Stem词干 Whenfreemorphemesareusedwithboun
4、dmorphemes thebasicword forminvolvedistechnicallyknownasthestem 3 2 2boundmorphemes粘着语素 Somemorphemescan tnormallystandalone butfunctiononlyaspartsofwordsarecalledboundmorphemes Theyareactuallyaffixes ment er in ing affixes Prefixes theyarejoinedinthebeginningoftherootorstem e g im un Suffixes theya
5、rejoinedintheendoftherootorstem e g ment ly less 词缀 前缀 后缀 boundmorphemes Derivationalmorphemes theyareusedtomakewordsgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem ness ment Im 派生语素 Inflectionalmorphemes theyaretoshowaspectsofthegrammaticalfunctionofaword allhasonly8Inflectionalmorphemes 屈折语素 1n s possessive 2n s p
6、lural 3v s 3rdpersonpresentsingular 4v ing presentparticiple 5v ed pasttenseandpastparticiple 6v en pastparticiple 7adj er comparative 8adj est superlative morphemes Freemorphemes boundmorphemes Lexicalmorphemes Functionalmorphemes Derivationalmorphemes Inflectionalmorphemes MeaningfulnessUnderstatementSupernaturalMoonscapewhen end
