《英语语言学概论Chapter6Syntax》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《英语语言学概论Chapter6Syntax（49页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Chapter6Syntax Astudyofsentences sentencestructureandformation 6 1definitionofsyntax howthewordsofalanguagecanbecombinedtomakelargerunits suchasphrases clauses 分句 andsentences Itstudiestheinterrelationshipsbetweenelementsofthesentencestructureandtherulesgoverningtheproductionofsentences Finite 有限的 n
2、umberofwordsandsmallsetofrulescancreateinfinitenumberofsentencesSyntacticknowledge theintuitionofnativespeakersabouthowwordsarecombinedtobephrasesandsentences 6 2Grammar syntaxandmorphologyGrammarstudiesthemorphologicalandsyntacticrulesoflanguage Itexcludesphonetics phonology semantics Grammarinclud
3、esmorphologyandsyntax MorphologystudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandwordformationprocessesSyntaxdealswiththesentencestructuresandproducton Statically 静态的 sentencestructure dynamically sentencegeneration 6 3syntagmatic paradigmaticandhierarchicalrelations 6 3thesyntagmaticrelationshipreferstotheline
4、arrelationshipbetweentheconstituents 成分 syntagmsorsyntagmas组成成分 HeisfromAmericaSetsofsyntagmaticallyrelatedconstituentsarecalledstructure Paradigmaticrelationsorassociativerelationsreferstothesetofrelationsalinguistcunithaswithotherunitsinaspecificcontext Paradigmaticrelationsholdbetweenanitemandsim
5、ilaronesthatcanappearinthesamepositioninasequenceParadigmaticrelatonsholdbetweenthelinguisticelementswithinasentenceandthoseoutsidethesentence Classesofparadigmaticallyrelatedelementsarecalledsystem like personsystem 人称系统 I you he we you theylikedtheplay Syntacticcategories 句法范畴 refertothelinguistic
6、formsthathaveparadigmaticrelations Theyincludelexicalcategories 词汇范畴 andnon lexicalcategories Lexicalcategories Noun N book table Verb V hit tellAdjective Adj good badAdverb Adv greatlyDeterminer Det 限定词 a this his Preposition P oninconjunction Conj andifInterjection Int 感叹词 oh ah Phrasalcategories
7、Nounphrase NP abookVerbphrase VP singasongAdjectivephrase AP verygoodAdverbphrase ADVP verywell Auxiliaryphrase AUX 助动词 tense model perf prog be may Prepositionalphrase PP intheroom Hierarchicalstructure 层次结构 refertotheinnerlayering 内部层次关系 ofsentences thatis sentencesconsistingofphrasesandphrasesint
8、urnarecomposedofwords HierarchicalstructurecanbeanalysedbyICanalysis labeledICanalysis phrasemarkersandlabeledbracketing 6 4ICAnalysis ICAnalysisofsentences todividethewordsofasentenceintotwogroups andthendivideeachgroupintosub groupsandsoon untilthesinglewordsofthesentencesareobtained Itisamajorfea
9、tureofBloomfieldianStructuralistlinguistics 布龙菲尔德结构主义语言学的主要特征 SheisfromAmericaShe isfromAmericais fromAmericafrom AmericaImmediateconstituents UltimateconstituentsConstituents alltheformsexcepttheoneatthetop thesentenceitself OneadvantageofICAnalysisistorevealstructuralambiguity 结构性歧义 naughtyboysand
10、girlsnaughty boysandgirlsboys and girlsnaughtyboysandgirlsnaughtyboys and girlsNaughty boys TheyareflyingplanesThey areflyingplanesare flyingplanesflying planes 这些飞机是正在飞行的飞机 TheyareflyingplanesThey areflyingplanesareflying planesare flying 他们在驾驶或乘飞机 Theyarevisitingrelatives DotheICAnalysisofthefollo
11、wingsentences LittleTomrunsveryfast Theseapplesareverysweet Hisbrotherstayedathome HisbrotherbeatlittleJohn LittleTomrunsveryfast LittleTom runsveryfastLittle Tomruns veryfastvery fastThoseapplesareverysweet Thoseapples areverysweetThose applesare verysweetvery sweet Hisbrotherstayedathome Hisbrothe
12、r stayedathomeHis brotherstayed athomeat homeThatboybeatlittleTonyThatboy beatlittleTonyThat boybeat littleTonylittle Tony AstheICanalysisshowthatthesefoursentenceshavethesamestructuresuperficially ICanalysisshouldbemodified LabeledICAnalysis tolabelthegrammaticalcategoriesofeachconstituentsandthese
13、ntences LittleTomrunsveryfast SLittleTom NP runsveryfast VPLittle Adj Tom Nruns V veryfast ADVPvery Adv fast AdvThoseapplesareverysweet sThoseapples NP areverysweet VPThose Det apples Nare V verysweet APvery Adv sweet Adj Hisbrotherstayedathome SHisbrother NP stayedathome VPHis Det brother Nstayed V
14、 athome PPat P home NThatboybeatlittleTony SThatboy NP beatlittleTony VPThat Det boy Nbeat V littleTony NPlittle Adj Tony N AstheICAnalysisistooredundant 重复的 andtroublesome thephrasemarkers 短语标记法 areadvanced LittleJohnrunsverfastThoseapplesareverysweet Hisbrotherstaysathome ThatboybeatlittleJohn Lab
15、eledbracketing 方括标记法 s NP Detthe Napples VP Vare AP ADVP Advvery Adjsweet ConstituencyandDependency Constituency 成分关系 Itistodivideasentenceintoaseriesofconstituentswhichcanbeanalysedintofurtherconstituentsuntilnofurtherdivisionispossible Constituentsstructureanalysisisahierarchicalanalysisshowingthe
16、differentconstituentsatdifferentstructurallevels Dependencygrammar 依存语法 asrepresentedbyLucienTesniereistodescribedependencystructuresofsentences thatis thestructureofdependencyrelationsbetweentheelementsofasentence Inasyntacticconnectionbetweentwoelementsoneisthegoverningelement 支配因素 andtheotheristhedependentelement 依存因素 Whenagoverningelementisdependentonanothergoverningelement ahierarchicaldependecystructurewillresults Inasentence theabsolutegovernoristheverb 6 6TGGrammar 转换生成语法 Staticstudyofla
