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1、智课网 TOEFL备考资料托福阅读素材Edmontosaur摘要： 前一段时间上映的侏罗纪世界 真是又燃起了一番老老少少男男女女对恐龙的热爱。今天我们就来看一些关于恐龙的托福阅读素材。在侏罗纪世界中，不管是“星爵”训练的机智迅猛龙，还是新型变种 D-Rex掠食者恐龙，亦或是最萌小短手霸王龙大Boss ，都在荧屏上赚取了大票的粉丝。小人儿书今天也要给一种恐龙拉拉票，涨涨粉，因为他们习性温和，性格合群，而且非常有责任感。它!就! 是!Edmontosaur ! TPO29综合写作的主人公先看阅读怎么说：阅读君说，大量的恐龙化石在阿拉斯加北坡的沉积层被发现了。但是这个地方直到现在都是极度的寒冷。在一
2、亿年前，当时这些恐龙就住在这的时候，此地的气候就已经开始很不宜居了，尤其是在经历了几个月的完全黑暗过后的冬天。那问题又来了，这些恐龙是如何在冬天存活下来的?古生物学家说，作为最常见的生活在北坡的恐龙之一的，有着大象尺寸大小的埃德蒙顿龙(Edmontosaur)会向南迁徙(migrating south)去更宜居的地方度过冬天。并且有一些观点支持这个迁徙的说法(migration hypothesis)。首先，埃德蒙顿龙(下文统统简称小埃)的饮食习惯(diet) 支持迁徙说。小埃们只吃草(fed exclusively on plants)，而且在冬天的时候，又冷又黑暗的北坡根本就没有植物(no
3、 plants growing)，小埃除了离开，别无他选。他们不像卖火柴的小女孩可以依靠点燃火柴取暖，他们也不像燧人氏可以钻木取火，所以他们只能背起行囊，远离家乡，在一年中这个时候迁徙到更温暖的地方(migrate to more temperate zones)去寻找食物。是不是很坚强又自立!路人转粉了吧 !其次，许多小埃的骨架都是在同一地区出土的(have been unearthed from the same site)。这也就证明了他们是群居动物(live in herd)。许多现代的迁徙动物，比如驯鹿和野牛，也都是群居动物。成群移动可以帮助动物们更好的更好的迁徙。因此，群居这个发现
4、同样可以支持迁徙假说。再次，小埃们的身体状况(physically capable)允许他们可以长距离迁徙。为了到达那些更宜居的地方，小埃们需要向南迁徙1600公里。这样的长途跋涉需要小埃们几周内都要时速在五公里左右，小埃们身体棒棒，完全可以办得到。他们跑得很快，时速可以达到45公里。所以他们完全可以在恶劣的严冬里，轻松地运动到温暖的南方。总之，阅读作者说，小埃们吃草，群居，身体好，所以他们就需要迁徙。嗯，每期都如约守候的小人书粉们读到这里就大概猜到了吧，听力一定会说“尽管这样，他们也不一定就需要迁徙啊，因为那三个点和迁徙并没有必然联系吧”。ok，那我们来看一下听力信息证实一下我们的机智好了。
5、首先，教授先表明了自己的态度：这个迁徙假说不可信(is not convincing)!首先，小埃并不一定需要迁徙去找吃的(did not have to migrate)。在一亿年前，北坡地区夏天非常热，比现在热多了(warmer than today)。而且还有一点，在极地地区的夏天，日照时长24小时每天。温暖的温度和大幅度的日照(warm temperature and extensive daylight)给植物生长创造了极其适宜的环境，所以很多植物在夏天生长的很茁壮，当冬天来了，死掉的植物可以给小埃们提供很多营养(nutritious dead vegetation)。小埃可以依靠这
6、些死掉的植物轻松过冬，不用远离家园哦其次，群居不等于迁徙。动物群居可能是很多原因(for many other reasons)。比如说，群居可以让他们更好抵御天敌(extra protection from predators)。尽管这种动物全年都住在同一片地区，这种保护也很有用。一个现代的例子是罗斯福马鹿(Roosevelt elk)，一种大型的食草动物。罗斯福马鹿生活在美国西边的丛林里，他们群居但是就不迁徙。第三，尽管小埃可以迁徙很远的距离，但是那些还没有成年的小埃们怎么办?幼年的小埃(juvenile edmontosaurs)并不能迁徙到很远去更暖和的地方，所以他们一定会拖慢整个群体
7、 (slow the herd)，使得他们不能准时到达目的地。而且小埃们都懂得不抛弃不放弃，他们不会丢下幼年的小埃们不管(could not have left the juveniles)，因为小孩子自己没有办法生活 (would not have survived on their own)。所以整个群体都会呆在家乡，然后熬过寒冷的冬天。杀托之路血雨腥风没有一群逗比的小伙伴如何畅游江湖， 小马 托福 备考群，就是这么适合你。是不是被这群远古生物感动了?活脱脱现代暖男的标准啊!就像在你漫长的备考路上，或许会遇到很多不开心，难过，挫折，痛苦，甚至是想放弃。但是小人书也会一直在这里陪着你，不抛弃
8、不放弃，给你加油打气。感觉很累很挫败的时候，就休息一会，再继续。跟托福说“你楞不shi我，老子(娘)就要楞shi你!”各位，加油!(来少年，喝了这碗热鸡汤)最后，不看原文的刷题都是耍流氓 嗯。 ReadingLarge numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaskas North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold, arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when th
9、ose dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable, especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the
10、 elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis.First, the edmontosaurs diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no pl
11、ants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in
12、 herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration. The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis.Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of m
13、igrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reac
14、hing speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.ListeningThe hypothesis that the Edmontosaur migrated every winter is not convincing.First, the Edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hun
15、dred million years ago, the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember, in arctic regions like the North Slope, the Sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer. The warm temperatures and extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditi
16、ons for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The Edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during the winter.Second, just because Edmontosaurs lived in herds doesnt mean they migrated. Animals live in herds for many other reasons. Living in herds, for example, provides animals with extra protection fr
