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1、高中化学全部反应公式汇总编辑:徐淑贤 2012-11-13 13:53:00 来源:中国教育在线一、非金属单质(F2 ,Cl2 、 O2 、 S、 N2 、 P 、 C 、 Si)1.氧化性:F2 + H2 = 2HFF2 + Xe(过量) = XeF22F2(过量) + Xe = XeF4nF2 + 2M = 2MFn (表示大部分金属)2F2 + 2H2O = 4HF + O22F2 + 2NaOH = 2NaF + OF2 + H2OF2 + 2NaCl = 2NaF + Cl2F2 + 2NaBr = 2NaF + Br2F2 + 2NaI = 2NaF + I2F2 + Cl2(等体
2、积) = 2ClF3F2 (过量) + Cl2 = 2ClF37F2(过量) + I2 = 2IF7Cl2 + H2 = 2HCl3Cl2 + 2P = 2PCl3Cl2 + PCl3 = PCl5Cl2 + 2Na = 2NaCl3Cl2 + 2Fe = 2FeCl3Cl2 + 2FeCl2 = 2FeCl3Cl2 + Cu = CuCl22Cl2 + 2NaBr = 2NaCl + Br2Cl2 + 2NaI = 2NaCl + I25Cl2 + I2 + 6H2O = 2HIO3 + 10HClCl2 + Na2S = 2NaCl + SCl2 + H2S = 2HCl + SCl2 +
3、 SO2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HClCl2 + H2O2 = 2HCl + O22O2 + 3Fe = Fe3O4O2 + K = KO2S + H2 = H2S2S + C = CS2S + Fe = FeSS + 2Cu = Cu2S3S + 2Al = Al2S3S + Zn = ZnSN2 + 3H2 = 2NH3N2 + 3Mg = Mg3N2N2 + 3Ca = Ca3N2N2 + 3Ba = Ba3N2N2 + 6Na = 2Na3NN2 + 6K = 2K3NN2 + 6Rb = 2Rb3NP2 + 6H2 = 4PH3P + 3Na = Na3P2P + 3Z
4、n = Zn3P22.还原性S + O2 = SO2S + O2 = SO2S + 6HNO3(浓) = H2SO4 + 6NO2 + 2H2O3S + 4HNO3(稀) = 3SO2 + 4NO + 2H2ON2 + O2 = 2NO4P + 5O2 = P4O10(常写成P2O5)2P + 3X2 = 2PX3 (X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3 + X2 = PX5P4 + 20HNO3(浓) = 4H3PO4 + 20NO2 + 4H2OC + 2F2 = CF4C + 2Cl2 = CCl42C + O2(少量) = 2COC + O2(足量) = CO2C + CO2 = 2CO
5、C + H2O = CO + H2(生成水煤气)2C + SiO2 = Si + 2CO(制得粗硅)Si(粗) + 2Cl2 = SiCl4(SiCl4 + 2H2 = Si(纯) + 4HCl)Si(粉) + O2 = SiO2Si + C = SiC(金刚砂)Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H23(碱中)歧化Cl2 + H2O = HCl + HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2 + 2NaOH = NaCl + NaClO + H2O2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + 2H2O3Cl2 + 6KOH(热浓)
6、= 5KCl + KClO3 + 3H2O3S + 6NaOH = 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O4P + 3KOH(浓) + 3H2O = PH3 + 3KH2PO211P + 15CuSO4 + 24H2O = 5Cu3P + 6H3PO4 + 15H2SO43C + CaO = CaC2 + CO3C + SiO2 = SiC + 2CO二、金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性2Na + H2 = 2NaH4Na + O2 = 2Na2O2Na2O + O2 = 2Na2O22Na + O2 = Na2O22Na + S = Na2S(爆炸)2Na + 2H2O = 2
7、NaOH + H22Na + 2NH3 = 2NaNH2 + H24Na + TiCl4(熔融) = 4NaCl + TiMg + Cl2 = MgCl2Mg + Br2 = MgBr22Mg + O2 = 2MgOMg + S = MgSMg + 2H2O = Mg(OH)2 + H22Mg + TiCl4(熔融) = Ti + 2MgCl2Mg + 2RbCl = MgCl2 + 2Rb2Mg + CO2 = 2MgO + C2Mg + SiO2 = 2MgO + SiMg + H2S = MgS + H2Mg + H2SO4 = MgSO4 + H22Al + 3Cl2 = 2AlCl3
8、4Al + 3O2 = 2Al2O3(钝化)4Al(Hg) + 3O2 + 2xH2O = 2(Al2O3.xH2O) + 4Hg4Al + 3MnO2 = 2Al2O3 + 3Mn2Al + Cr2O3 = Al2O3 + 2Cr2Al + Fe2O3 = Al2O3 + 2Fe2Al + 3FeO = Al2O3 + 3Fe2Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H22Al + 3H2SO4 = Al2(SO4)3 + 3H22Al + 6H2SO4(浓) = Al2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 + 6H2O(Al、Fe在冷、浓的H2SO4、HNO3中钝化)Al + 4HNO(稀) =
9、 Al(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O2Al + 2NaOH + 2H2O = 2NaAlO2 + 3H22Fe + 3Br2 = 2FeBr3Fe + I2 = FeI2Fe + S = FeS3Fe + 4H2O(g) = Fe3O4 + 4H2Fe + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2Fe + CuCl2 = FeCl2 + CuFe + SnCl4 = FeCl2 + SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下、不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 Fe + SnCl2=FeCl2 + Sn)三、非金属氢化物(HF、HCl、H2O、H2S、NH3)1、还原性:4HCl(浓) + MnO2 = MnCl
10、2 + Cl2 + 2H2O4HCl(g) + O2 = 2Cl2 + 2H2O16HCl + 2KMnO4 = 2KCl + 2MnCl2 + 5Cl2 + 8H2O14HCl + K2Cr2O7 = 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H2O2H2O + 2F2 = 4HF + O22H2S + 3O2(足量) = 2SO2 + 2H2O2H2S + O2(少量) = 2S + 2H2O2H2S + SO2 = 3S + 2H2OH2S + H2SO4(浓) = S + SO2 + 2H2O3H2S + 2HNO(稀) = 3S + 2NO + 4H2O5H2S + 2KMnO
11、4 + 3H2SO4 = 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5S + 8H2O3H2S + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 = Cr2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + 3S + 7H2OH2S + 4Na2O2 + 2H2O = Na2SO4 + 6NaOH2NH3 + 3CuO = 3Cu + N2 + 3H2O2NH3 + 3Cl2 = N2 + 6HCl8NH3 + 3Cl2 = N2 + 6NH4Cl4NH3 + 3O2(纯氧) = 2N2 + 6H2O4NH3 + 5O2 = 4NO + 6H2O4NH3 + 6NO = 5N2 + 6H2O(用氨清除NO)NaH + H2O =
12、NaOH + H24NaH + TiCl4 = Ti + 4NaCl + 2H2CaH2 + 2H2O = Ca(OH)2 + 2H22、酸性:4HF + SiO2 = SiF4 + 2H2O(此反应广泛应用于测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量)2HF + CaCl2 = CaF2 + 2HClH2S + Fe = FeS + H2H2S + CuCl2 = CuS + 2HClH2S + 2AgNO3 = Ag2S + 2HNO3H2S + HgCl2 = HgS + 2HClH2S + Pb(NO3)2 = PbS + 2HNO3H2S + FeCl2 =2NH3 + 2Na=2NaNH2 +
13、 H2(NaNH2 + H2O = NaOH + NH3)3,碱性:NH3 + HCl = NH4ClNH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO32NH3 + H2SO4 = (NH4)2SO4NH3 + NaCl + H2O + CO2 = NaHCO3 + NH4Cl(此反应用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)4,不稳定性:2HF = H2 + F22HCl = H2 + Cl22H2O = 2H2 + O22H2O2 = 2H2O + O2H2S = H2 + S2NH3 = N2 + 3H2四、非金属氧化物低价态的还原性:2SO2 + O2 = 2SO32SO2 + O2 + 2H2O = 2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)SO2 + Cl2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HClSO2 + Br2 + 2H2O = H2SO4 + 2HBrSO2