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1、. . .Design and optimization of Suspension Systems and Components悬架系统和部件的设计与优化2 Suspension systems and components2.1 Chassis OverviewTraditionally, the chassis of an automobile included everything bolted to the frame except the body. With todays unibody vehicles, however, the chassis includes so muc
2、h more hardware that discussions of the chassis are now usually limited to the mechanical parts that locate, isolate, support, direct or redirect the dynamic activity of the vehicle. In these pages, well limit our discussion to the suspension and steering.2悬挂系统和构件2.1底盘总成从传统地角度来看，底盘包含了固定在车架上除了车速以外的每一
3、样东西。然而，现在包含了更多的硬件的整体式车身底盘，更偏向于定义为用于限制机械部件的位置、隔离、支承、方向和重定向的汽车动力学。A quick working definition of a vehicles suspension is that it cushions the ride and makes sure the wheels maintain contact with the road surface while turning, accelerating and braking. Steering is defined as a system that moves the st
4、eerable wheels left and right, controlling vehicle direction.对汽车悬架的功能更直接定义是，缓冲冲击和确保转向、加速和制动过程中车轮紧贴地面。转向系统是操控车轮左右转向和控制汽车方向。2.2 Suspension Overview / componentsA modern vehicles suspension is comprised of a system of springs and shock absorbers. Springs hold the vehicle up while shock absorbers work t
5、o control or dampen the action of the spring. Four different types of springs are used in current production vehicles: coil springs, pneumatic springs, torsion bars and leaf springs.2.2悬架系统概述和组成现代汽车悬架是由弹簧和减震器组成的系统。弹簧支撑起汽车，减震器则控制并且抑制弹簧作用。有四种类型的弹簧应用在目前的汽车上：线圈弹簧、空气弹簧、扭力弹簧和钢板弹簧。2.2.1 Coil SpringsA coil
6、spring is constructed from a wire or metal bar wound into a coil. A coil spring will return to its original shape after it is stretched or compressed. Coil springs are the most common type of spring used in todays cars2.2.1 线圈弹簧线圈弹簧就是绕成螺旋状的金属丝或金属棒。线圈弹簧拉伸或压缩后会恢复到原来的形状。在现在的汽车里面，线圈弹簧是应用最为广泛的。2.2.2 Leaf
7、 SpringsA leaf spring is made of metal or fiber-reinforced plastic strips layered on top of one another. When the two ends of the leaf spring are fastened down, the center springs up and down. Like a coil spring, a leaf spring will return to its natural position when forces acting upon the spring st
8、op. Leaf springs are primarily used on rear wheel drive vehicles.2.2.2 钢板弹簧钢板弹簧由金属或加强型纤维塑料条叠加而成。在钢板弹簧两端被固定的情况下，弹簧中心能够上下移动。就像线圈弹簧一样，当力停止对弹簧作用时，钢板弹簧会恢复到自然状态下的位置。钢板弹簧主要用于后桥驱动汽车上。2.2.3 Torsion BarA torsion bar is simply a coil spring that has been straightened out. The spring action comes from twisting
9、the bar torsionally. Torsion bars are widely utilized on four wheel drive vehicle applications.2.2.3 扭力弹簧扭力弹簧就是线圈弹簧直接拉直而成的。他的弹簧作用来自于棒的扭曲。扭力弹簧广泛应用在四轮驱动汽车上。2.2.4 Pneumatic SpringsPneumatic springs (or air springs) are shaped much like coil springs. They are essentially bladders, or bags, filled with a
10、ir.2.2.4 空气弹簧空气弹簧的形状非常像线圈弹簧。它的本质是充满气的袋和包。2.2.5 Suspension System OperationSuspension system springs must jounce (compress) and rebound (extend) with bumps and holes in the road surface. They support the weight of the vehicle while still allowing suspension travel (movement). The softness or firmness
11、 of a spring is known as spring rate.2.2.5 悬架系统的运行悬架系统遇到路面的凸起或者凹坑时，要对弹簧进行压缩或延伸。悬架系统承受着整车的重力仍然有可活动的悬架行程。弹簧的软硬称为弹簧刚度。2.2.6 Shock AbsorbersShock absorbers are used to return the suspension to its natural position quickly and smoothly. Not only do shock absorbers control the compression of the spring, b
12、ut the expansion (or rebound) as well.2.2.6减震器减震器用于迅速和顺滑地使悬架恢复到自然状态下的位置，不仅能够控制弹簧的压缩，而且能够控制弹簧的延伸。Shock absorbers dampen the movement of springs by using fluid or gas forced through holes in the shock absorbers piston. The size of the holes determine the damping effect of the shock. As the shock absor
13、ber compresses or expands, a piston inside moves through oil or hydraulic fluid.减震器用油或气进入减震器活塞孔的压力来抑制弹簧的运动。孔的大小决定了对震动的抑制效果。当减震器压缩或延伸时，活塞内部的液压油来回移动。Springs and shocks are matched to vehicle weight. Sometimes they are chosen to correspond with the weight of optional equipment added to individual vehic
14、les as they are built. This is referred to as a tuned suspension.弹簧的减震器和汽车质量相匹配。有时候人们会选择一些和汽车质量相匹配的配件增加到自己的改装车上。这被称为可调节悬架。Shock absorbers are also manufactured to operate with active suspension systems that are controlled electronically (or electronic suspensions). These shocks incorporate valves or
15、 solenoids to control damping.减震器也可以被制造成为可以被电子信号控制的主动悬架系统。这种减震器结合了普通阀门和电磁阀控制抑制效果。2.2.6.1 Monotube DamperThis type of shock uses a solenoid valve to modify the flow path of the damping fluid. In the soft operating mode (solenoid OFF), two flow paths are available. In the firm operating mode (solenoid
16、 ON), only one flow path is available. Proportional control of fluid flow provides a continuous range of damping.2.2.6.1单筒减震器这种类型的减震器用一个电磁阀去修改阻尼液的流程。在软工作模式下，两路流程都生效。在硬工作模式下（电磁阀启动），只有一路流程生效。控制流程的比例，可使阻尼在一个连续的范围内变化。.2.6.2 Twin Tube Damper with Solenoid ValveThis type of shock uses a solenoid valve to modify
