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1、1 期末考试分析题思路以及材料The checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories:（看到文章，从这四个方面分析）A: Lexical categoriesB: Grammatical categoriesC: Figures of speechD. Cohesion and context细则：A: Lexical categories：1.GENERAL. Is the vocabulary simple or complex? formal or colloquial? descriptive or evaluative? genera
2、l or specific? How far does the writer make use of the emotive and other associations of words, as opposed to their referential meaning? Does the text contain idiomatic phrases, and if so, with what kind of dialect or register语域 are these idioms associated? Is there any use of rare or specialized vo
3、cabulary? Are any particular morphological categories noteworthy (e.g. compound words, words with particular suffixes)? To what semantic fields. do words belong?The checklist of lexical categories and their stylistic functions：1）NOUNSabstract *（抽象）society/idea, or concrete（具体） house/cat? What kinds
4、of abstract nouns occur events： war/eruption, perceptions： understanding/consciousness, processes： development, moral： virtue social： responsibility, qualities： bravery What use is made of proper names? Are there any collective nouns people/staff?2）Adjectivereferring to what attribute? Physical： woo
5、len psychological ：joyfulVisual： hilly square/snowy Auditory： bubbling/sizzling sensory： slippery/smooth Color： dark/red referential：big dog/white house Emotive： exited/happy Evaluative： good/fat/ bad/lazyGradable： young/tall/useful or non-gradable： atomic/British? Attributive： an utter fool or pred
6、icative he is ashore ? Restrictive the exact answer? Intensifying the simple truth / a complete victory/a slight effort? stative tall/long or dynamic abusive/ambitious?3)VerbsAre they stative cost/believe/remain, or dynamic walk/arrive? Do they refer to movements climb/jump/slide, physical acts spre
7、ad/smell/taste/laugh, or speech acts persuade/decline/beg, psychological states or activities think/feel/imagine/know/love. or perceptions see/hear/feel? Are they transitive shut the door, intransitive the door shuts, or linking be/sound/seem/taste/ smell? Are they factive know/regret/forget/remembe
8、r or non-factive believe/assume/consider/suppose/ think/ imagine? 4) Adverbs5) What semantic functions do they perform? Manner anxiously/ carefully/ loudly/ willingly? place away/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?direction backwards/forward/up/down/in/out?time ago/already/finally/shortly/immediately?
9、degree almost/completely/partly/deeply/much? Are there any significant use of sentence adverbs? 1) adjuncts like happily, proudly, now, outside? 2) conjuncts like so, therefore, however? 3) disjuncts like certainly, obviously, frankly?B:Grammatical categories1. SENTENCE TYPESDoes the author use only
10、 statements (declarative sentences), or does he also use questions, commands, exclamations. or minor sentence types (such as sentences with no verb)? If these other types are used, what is their function?2. SENTENCE COMPLEXITY. Do sentences on the whole have a simple or a complex structure? What is
11、the average sentence length (in number of words)? What is the ratio of dependent to independent clauses?Does complexity vary strikingly from one sentence to another? Is complexity mainly due to (i) coordination, (ii) subordination, (iii) parataxis (juxtaposition of clauses or other equivalent struct
12、ures)?In what parts of a sentence does complexity tend to occur? For instance, is there any notable occurrence of anticipatory structure (e.g. of complex subjects preceding the verbs, of dependent clauses preceding the subject of a main clause)?3 CLAUSE TYPES What types of dependent clause are favor
13、ed: relative clauses, adverbial clauses, different types of nominal clauses (thatclauses, whclauses, etc)? Are reduced or non-finite clauses commonly used, and if so, of what type are they (infinitive clauses, ing clauses, ed clauses, verbless clauses)?.4.CLAUSE STRUCTURE. Is there anything signific
14、ant about clause elements (eg frequency of objects, complements, adverbials; of transitive or intransitive verb constructions)? Are there any unusual orderings (initial adverbials, fronting of object or complement, etc)? Do special kinds of clause construction occur? (Such as those with preparatory
15、it or there)?5 NOUN PHRASESAre they relatively simple or complex?Where does the complexity lie (in pre-modification by adjectives, nouns, etc, or in post-modification by prepositional phrases, relative clauses, etc)? Note occurrence of listings (eg sequences of adjectives), coordination, or apposition.6. VERB PHRASES. Are there any significant departures from the use of the simple past tense? For example, notice occurrences and the functions of the present tense; of the progressive aspect (eg was lying); of the perfective aspect (eg has/had appeared);modal auxiliaries (eg can, must, wo
