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1、 Extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League Italy in 750 BCE The Regal Age 王政时代 ca 753 510 B C The Republic 共和时代 510 27 B C The Empire 27 B C 1453 A D Early Empire 帝国时代 27 B C 325 A D Later Empire 325 A D 1453 A D Roman History Etruscan Civilization Etruscan Civilization Etruscan
2、 civilization highest civilization in Italy before the rise of Rome The core of the territory of the Etruscans known as Etruria to the Latins was northwest of the Tiber River now in modern Tuscany and part of Umbria reached its height in the 6th century BC The Romans expelled their dynasty in 509 BC
3、 had a commercial and agricultural civilization and left a rich cultural heritage Etruscan couple Museum of Florence Origin of the Etruscans Between 900 and 500 BCE Romans called them the Etruscans Came from eastern Mediterranean possibly Asia Minor Their land was called Etruria伊达拉里亚 意大 利中部一古国 Etrus
4、can Political SystemEtruscan Political System Independent fortified city states Formed small confederacies Had a strong military that dominated all the surrounding peoples By 6c BCE the Etruscan military had conquered much of the Italian peninsula including Rome and the island of Corsica科西嘉岛 Minerva
5、智慧及工艺之神 on the chariot Etruscan MilitaryEtruscan Military Bronze WarriorBronze Warrior 6c BCE Chariot6c BCE Chariot The Etruscan helmet Etruscan WritingEtruscan Writing Most inscriptions found on tombs and monuments and mirrors We can pronounce Etruscan words because they use an alphabet similar to
6、Greek but we have no clue about their meaning Over 10 000 Etruscan inscriptions Etruscan Writing TabletEtruscan Writing Tablet The Etruscan AlphabetThe Etruscan Alphabet LemnosLemnos StelaeStelae 6c BCE 6c BCE Etruscan ReligionEtruscan Religion Polytheistic Believed that the destiny of man was deter
7、mined by the whims念头 of the gods Believed in prophecy预言 and reading the signs of nature by augurs占卜 Believed in predestination预 言 SarcophagusSarcophagus石棺石棺 of an Etruscan of an Etruscan CoupleCouple Reconstruction of an Etruscan TempleReconstruction of an Etruscan Temple Etruscan Tomb Wall they wer
8、e granted a form of citizenship and had specific rights under Roman law They were also held to certain obligations as well most notably the requirement to provide troops for the Legions This had a twofold effect First Rome had a large pool of manpower人力 to draw its Legions from the entire Latin Leag
9、ue Second by having several levels of citizenship and rights under Roman law the attention of conquered people was focused on improving their rights within the Roman law and in competing with rival client states for status within the Roman sphere of influence rather than trying to rid themselves of
10、Roman dominance Treatment of Conquered People By 268B the Romans dominated most of Italy through a network of allies conquered city states colonies and strategic garrisons要塞 At that time Rome started to look beyond Italy towards the islands and the rich trade of the Mediterranean Sea This policy of
11、divide and rule made conquered people willing participants in their own submission t服 从 Roman law The silver eagle was the ensign军旗 of the Roman Legion and the symbol of its power Kinds of Roman Citizenship Roman citizensLatinsAllies enjoyed the full benefit of civil and legal rights they were free
12、from direct taxation and had a share in plunder land grants and corn distribution were inhabitants of cities in Latium and had the civil and legal rights of citizens but were liable to taxation and military service and their voting rights were limited Latins could marry other Latins and Romans were
13、from other areas in Italy though still controlled closely by Rome and had no land rights no voting rights and constituted a large disproportionate part of the military Allies could only marry other allies The Success of Rome One reason is the character of Italy terrain The Italy peninsula is easier
14、to unite and keep united Another reason was because of the superior military force and strategy that they developed Finally it made the defeated people allies or friends of Rome As allies they had to fight for Rome in any future wars In return Rome promised them protection and a share in the profits
15、 from future victories In some cases Rome even gave conquered peoples citizenship the right to be called a Roman and to vote in elections Roman Army The Roman Army The emblem徽章 for the army was the eagle surrounded by a victory wreath花冠 Underneath are the letters SPQR which are Latin for The Senate
16、and People of Rome The Roman Army The Romans managed to conquer so many countries because they had such a good army The Emperor used the army to protect Rome and to control the people it had conquered Some soldiers were away from their families for long periods of time When a soldier had served in the army for 25 years he could become a citizen of Rome Organization of the Army 5000 Legionaries Roman Citizens who were in the army would form a Legion The Legion would be split into centuries百人队 80
