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1、此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE外文作者：WILLIAM E. REES文献出处: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 86: 2945, 2018(如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文5576单词，36894字符(字符就是印刷符)
2、，中文9451汉字。（如果字数多了，可自行删减，大多数学校都是要求选取外文的一部分内容进行翻译的。）ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: AN ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVEAbstract: This paper argues on both theoretical and empirical grounds that, beyond a certain point, there is an unavoidable conflict between economic development (g
3、enerally taken to mean material economic growth) and environmental protection. Think for a moment of natural forests, grasslands, marine estuaries, salt marshes, and coral reefs; and of arable soils, aquifers, mineral deposits, petroleum, and coal. These are all forms of natural capital that represe
4、nt highly-ordered self-producing ecosystems or rich accumulations of energy/matter with high use potential (low entropy). Now contemplate despoiled landscapes, eroding farmlands, depleted fisheries, anthropogenic greenhouse gases, acid rain, poisonous mine tailings and toxic synthetic compounds. The
5、se all represent dis- ordered systems or degraded forms of energy and matter with little use potential (high entropy). The main thing connecting these two states is human economic activity. Ecological economics interprets the environment-economy relationship in terms of the second law of thermodynam
6、ics. The second law sees economic activity as a dissipative process. From this perspective, the production of economic goods and services invariably requires the consumption of available energy and matter. To grow and develop, the economy necessarily feeds on sources of high-quality energy/matter fi
7、rst produced by nature. This tends to disorder and homogenize the ecosphere, The ascendance of humankind has consistently been accompanied by an accelerating rate of ecological degradation, particularly biodiversity loss, the simplification of natural systems and pollution. In short, contemporary po
8、litical rhetoric to the contrary, the prevailing growth-oriented global development paradigm is fundamentally incompatible with long-term ecological and social sustainability. Unsustainability is not a technical nor economic problem as usually conceived, but rather a state of systemic incompatibilit
9、y between a economy that is a fully-contained, growing, dependent sub-system of a non-growing ecosphere. Potential solutions fly in the face of contemporary development trends and cultural values.Keywords: carrying capacity, dissipative structure, ecological crisis, ecological deficit, ecological ec
10、onomics, ecological footprint, expansionism, growth model, human ecological dysfunction, human evolution, natural capital, paradigm, paradigm shift, patch disturbance, second law of thermodynamics, self-organization, steady-state, social capital, sustainability, worldview1.Introduction: Economy and
11、Environment in ConflictTen years ago, in November 1992, some 1700 of the worlds leading scientists, including the majority of Nobel laureates in the sciences, issued the following warning concerning humankind-environment relationships: We the undersigned, senior members of the worlds scientific comm
12、unity, hereby warn all humanity of what lies ahead. A great change in our stewardship of the earth and the life on it is required if vast human misery is to be avoided and our global home on this planet is not to be irretrievably mutilated (UCS, 1992).Since that time, and in spite of the scientists
13、warning, the so-called environmental crisis has arguably worsened. At the dawn of the 21st Century, the sheer scale of human activity ensures that many environmental impacts are global in scope. Stratospheric ozone depletion now affects both the Southern and Northern Hemispheres; atmospheric carbon-
14、dioxide has increased by 30% in the industrial era and is now higher than at any time in at least the past 160 000 yr; mean global temperature has reached a similar record high; the world seems to be plagued by increasingly variable climate and more frequent and violent extreme weather events; more
15、atmospheric nitrogen is fixed and injected into terrestrial ecosystems by humans than by all natural terrestrial processes combined; up to one-half of the land on Earth has been directly transformed by human action; more than half of the planets accessible fresh water is already being used by people
16、; two-thirds of the worlds major fisheries are fully- or over-exploited; and biodiversity losses are accelerating (Lubchenco, 1998; Tuxill, 1998; Vitousek et al., 1997).The proximate causes of these numerous environmental problems are often well-studied and even well-known to science the clearing of forests and the combustion of fossil fuels, the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture, the excessive discharge of biophysically active c
