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1、第三讲定语从句定语从句必备知识1定语从句在复合句中，修饰名词、代词或整个句子的从句叫作定语从句。定语从句可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.那个在阅读的男孩需要你昨天买的钢笔。(定语从句作后置定语)2先行词被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：(1)一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词) This is the place which is worth visiting.这是值得参观的地方。He laughs best who laughs last
2、.谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。(2)一个短语Many lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。(3)一个分句The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the proc
3、ess of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。(4)一个完整的句子I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.
4、我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我立即乘出租车把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。3关系词引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指先行词，引导定语从句，在从句中充当句子成分。Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city.(which代指Beijing，在从句中作主语)4先行词与关系词的关系(1)关系代词who, that, which实际上是先行词的替代词A plane is a machine that can fly.(thata machine)The b
5、oy who broke the window is called Tom.(whothe boy)(2)关系代词whose实际上是先行词的所有格The boy whose parents were dead was brought up by his grandfather.(whosethe boys)(3)关系副词实际上是“介词先行词”The school where I study is far from my home. (wherein the school)5分类(1)限制性定语从句它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分
6、密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。Do you know the girl who just came in?你认识那个刚刚进来的女孩吗？The time when I first met Mr White was a very difficult period of my life.我第一次遇见怀特先生时是我生命中一个非常艰难的时期。(2)非限制性定语从句它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句一般不用that引导。The old woman,
7、who lives on her own, has a cat for company.这个老妇人一个人住，养了一只猫陪伴她。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的那栋房子有一个漂亮的花园。关系代词全析考法.单句语法填空1(2018全国卷)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 _ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the r
8、isk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.解析：that/which分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。2(2018全国卷)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government started a soiltesting program_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers and 201
9、1, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.解析：that/which空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。3(2018浙江高考)Many westerners _ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.解析：who/that先行词是Many westerners，指人，故用who/t
10、hat 引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。4(2017全国卷)But Sarah, _ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.解析：who分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，且空格处在从句中作主语，故用关系代词who。5(2015全国卷)Id skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain top
11、s and dark waters of the Li River _ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings.解析：that/which根据语境和句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，先行词指物，关系词在从句中作主语，因此答案为that/which。.单句改错1(2017全国卷)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, that is on the rooftop of their house._解析：thatwh
12、ich此句是非限制性定语从句，应用which而不能用that引导。2(2017全国卷)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments._解析：theythat/which分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。3(2016四川高考)The dishes what I cooked were Moms favorite._解析
13、：whatthat/which或去掉what分析句子结构可知，dishes后跟的是定语从句，what不能引导定语从句，应用that/which引导。又因引导词在定语从句中作cooked的宾语，可以省略，故也可以直接把what去掉。谨记规则(一)关系代词的基本用法1who用于指人，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.(作主语)但是，努力过却失败的人比那些坐享其成
14、的人要好得多。2whom用于指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替；但是，若从句中的介词提到关系代词前，只能用whom直接跟在介词后作宾语，不可用who代替。In our class there are 48 students, half of whom are girls.(作宾语)我们班有48名学生，其中有一半是女生。3which用于指物，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students which allows them to communicate freely with each oth
15、er.(作主语)在为学生营造自由交流的氛围这方面，她很有天赋。4that既可指人又可指物，指人时通常可与who, whom互换，指物时通常可与which互换，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。The old town has narrow streets and small houses that are built close to each other.(作主语)这个古老的小镇有狭窄的街道和建造得彼此靠得很近的小房子。5whose表示所属关系，既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which；指人时相当于of whom。The books on the desk, whose covers are shiny, are prizes for us.(作定语)桌上那些封面闪闪发亮的书是我们的奖品。6as(1)引导限制性定语从句，作关系代词，既可指人又可指物，在从句中作主语、宾语、表语。常用于下列结构：such名词as . 意为“像一样的；像之类的”；such(代词)as .，意为“像一样的；像之类的
