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1、状语(adverbial)是句子的重要修饰成分。状语是谓语里的另一个附加成分，它附加在谓语中心语的前面，从情况、时间、处所、方式、条件、对象、肯定、否定、范围和程度等方面对谓语中心进行修饰或限制。在英语中，状语修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当。其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中。副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间,地点,程度,方式等概念。1.副词一般在句子中做状语He speaks English ve
2、ry well. 他英语说得非常好.中的very是程度副词，用来修饰well。very well是修饰speak的程度状语。2. 不定式在句子中可以作目的状语。I come specially to see you.我专门来看你.3.介词短语Ten years ago, She began to live in Dalian.十年前,她开始住在大连。The boy was praised for his bravery.4.从句作状语When she was 12 years old, she began to live in Dalian.If I am not busy tomorrow,
3、 I will play football with you.5.分词作状语Having had a quarrel with his wife, he left home in a bad temper。Inhibited in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi is about to take another.状语简介概述状语与定语相同的地方是,都是前者附加成分;不同的地方是,它是谓语里的附加成分,而定语是主语或宾语里的附加成分.从句子的层次上看,状语是在第二个层次和第三个层次里的成分,有时甚至是更低层次的成分.状语的构成状语
4、的构成经常充当状语的有形容词,副词,时间处所名词,能愿动词,指示代词,以及方位短语,介词短语,动宾短语,谓词性联合短语,谓词性偏正短语,谓词性主谓短语等.含有动量词的数量短语以及重叠式的数量短语(不论动量,物量)也可以充当状语.此外,少数名词带上表比况的助词也可以作状语.状语的书面标志地状语的书面标志是结构助词地.状语后面带或者是不带地,情况比较复杂.一般讲来,数量短语,主谓短语,动宾短语等作状语时,大都带地;而介词短语,方位短语,能愿动词,时间处所名词作状语时不能带地,副词,单音节形容词作状语一般也不带地.多层状语如果一个中心语前面有好几个状语(多层状语),那就应当注意它们的语序.多层状语的
5、状语个数一般比多层定语的定语个数要少些,其语序也比多层定语的语序要灵活一些.多层状语的一般语序:a.表时间的名词或方位短语,介词短语;b.副词.c.表处所的介词短语或名词,方位短语;d.表情态的形容词或谓词短语;e.表对象的介词短语.其中副词的位置较为灵活,也可放置在第三项之后.一般状语和句首状语状语在句子中有两种位置:一种是在主语之后,谓语中心之前,如上文所举各例,这是状语的一般位置;另一种是放在主语的前面的,这是状语的特殊位置,这种状语可称句首状语.状语的分类状语按其修饰的功能不同可分为八大类：时间状语，地点状语，条件状语，原因状语，目的状语，结果状语，让步状语和比较状语时间状语从句要点:
6、 时间状语从句，由以下连词引导：when ，while， as， after ，before， as soon as， since ，till /until by the time 在时间状语从句中，要注意时态一致。一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。1.when当.的时候Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.2.while当.时He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.3. as在.的同时；一边.一边.He smiled as he stood u
7、p.4.after在.之后He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.5.before 在.之前Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.6. as soon as 一.就（scarcely/hardly.when,no sooner than,the minute/moment,on/upon,directly等等）We began to work as soon as we got there.I will wr
8、ite to you as soon as I get home.7.since 自.以来到现在表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago.(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)8 till /until都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。They walked till /unti
9、l it was dark.Xiao Ming didnt leave home till / until his father came back.9. by the time 到.为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.By the time I got to school, the class had already began.一 .由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如：When you think you know nothing, then you
10、 begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候，你就是在开始知道一些事物了。When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候，它在生长，它感到压抑，它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量，一旦冒出，它就会炸破一切！Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。Will
11、you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候，请你照看一下我的衣服。You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候，你就能感觉到空气在流动。Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。a .when, while和as的区别when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。When she came in, I was eating.(瞬时动词)W
12、hen I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.（延续性的动词）While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)I like playing football while you like playing bas
13、ketball.（对比）b, As表示“一边一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：We always sing as we walk.（as表示“一边一边”）As we was going out, it began to snow.（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）c, as when while的辨析as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：表示“一边。一边的意思as 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时用于发生时间较段时d when1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动
14、词的动作之前 或之后发生。2、when=and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)3.常用于常见搭配中e while1、用于时间较长时2、 强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。lt was raining hard when (as) I got there. ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)When I had read the article, he called me.( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )When I got to the cinema,
15、the film had begun.(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达 “正在” “即将”.while, as不能代替She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间)Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.(此时as ,when, while可通用)二 .由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意be
