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1、Lecture 33 关系分句1 概说1.1 定语从句的含义在主句中担任定语的从句叫做定语从句。它通常置于所修饰的名词或代词（即先行词）之后。Time and time again there are serious accidents that pollute the air.污染空气的严重事故屡屡发生。1.2 定语从句的连接词引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which关系副词：where, when, whyThe fire also destroyed cars which belonged to people who
2、worked in the building.注意：how 不可以引导定语从句，若要表示方式，可以这样来表示：the way in which/ that/ 省略。正：Thats how he spoke （表语从句）正：Thats the way he spoke正：Thats the way （that） he spoke正：Thats the way （in which）he spoke误：Thats the way how he spoke1.3 定语从句的分类定语从句一般分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句通常紧跟其先行词之后，不用逗号分开。先行词表人时，关联词由 w
3、ho, whom, whose, that 担任，分别在句中作主语、宾语（关联词可以省略） 、定语。The person whom you should ask is Mr. Ball.The couple whose photo I took at the party were very pleased with it.先行词表物时，关联词由 which 和 that 充当，分别作主语和宾语（关联词可以省略） 。He had many merchant ships which traded with other countries.先行词表时间时，关联词由 when 担任，在从句中作时间状语
4、。This was at a time when there was no radio, TV or cinema.先行词表地方时，关联词由 where 担任，在从句中作地点状语。Today many of them live in special areas where they can continue their way of life.先行词表原因（只有 reason 一词）时，关联词由 why 担任，在从句中作原因状语。The reason why the accident occurred is still unknown.非限定性定语从句通常与其先行词用逗号分开，表示二者关系比较
5、松散。先行词表人时，关联词通常由 who, whom, whose 担任（that 不能用于连接非限定性定语从句） ，在从句中作主语和宾语。That man, whom I met yesterday, is a film director.先行词表物时，关联词由 which 担任（that 不能用于连接非限定性定语从句） ，在从句中作主语和宾语。The dam, which is the biggest in the world, is 3,830 metres long.先行词表时间时，关联词由 when 担任，在从句中作时间状语。Agriculture first started abo
6、ut 10,000 years ago, when people bagan to grow crops in the river valley of the Nile in Egypt, in the Middle East and in India.先行词表地方时，关联词由 where 担任，在从句中作地点状语。He returned to Dublin, where he formed his own pop group.Why 不可以引导非限制性定语从句注：限定性定语从句 v.s 非限定性定语从句限定性定语从句对先行词起限制作用，二者关系密切，不用逗号隔开；非限定性定语从句对先行词只是
7、起单纯的描述作用，通常用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不使用关系代词 that，而且关系代词在从句中作宾语时不能省略。注：定语从句 v.s 同位语从句同位语从句与定语结构有类似地方，从句通常置于它所联系的先行词之后。二者不同的是，定语从句与先行词是修饰关系，而同位语从句与先行词则是等同关系。此外，同位语从句中的 that 是从属连词，它在从句中不担任句子成分；而定语从句中的 that是关系代词，它一定在句子中担任句子成分。The rumor that he spread everywhere turned out to be untrue.The rumor that Tom was a th
8、ief turned out to be untrue.1.4 定语从句需要把握两个重要原则a. 抓住先行词，选择关系词He needs a long spoon _ sups with the devil.A) who B) which C) as D) when 同魔鬼一起喝汤需要用一把长勺子。-同坏人打交道需要提防着The world is a book, and those read only a page _ do not travel.A) which B) who C) that D) whomb. 分析关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分Ill never forget the ti
9、me when we first met in the park.Ill never forget the time which I spent on campus.2. 关系代词用法2.1 who 和 whom 的区别a. who 可做主语，宾语，表语，而 whom 不能做主语，只能做宾语或补语。当 whom 做介词宾语时，一般要用“介词+whom”的结构，若介词置于句尾，则不宜用 whom，而改为who/that，更常见省略。I think you should stay faithful to the person who/that youre married to.I think yo
10、u should stay faithful to the person youre married to.I think you should stay faithful to the person to whom youre married.b. 在非限制性定语从句中，最好用 whom 做宾语，且不能省略。His mother, whom he loved dearly, died in 1818.2.2 whose 的用法a. 表示所属关系，与名词连用，可指人或物。 “whose+名词”可做主语或宾语。When I looked through the window, I saw a g
11、irl whose beauty took my breath away.It was a meeting whose importance I did not realize at the time.b.当 whose 用来指物时，可用 of +which 来代替，此时语序为 “限定词+名词+of+which” 或 “of which+限定词+ 名词” 。I had a meeting whose purpose was unclear.I had a meeting the purpose of which was unclear.I had a meeting of which the
12、purpose was unclear.2.3 which 的用法a. 通常指物，可引导限制或非限制，先行词还可以是单个名词，或句子一部分或整个句子,而且先行词是整个句子时，无论指人或指物，都用 which.He likes climbing the mountains, which is a good exercise.He tore up my photo, which upset me.He is a French, which I know from his accent. b. which 和 who 的区别：当先行词为一类人或表示职业时，通常用 whichAnna is a veg
13、etarian, which I dont want to be.His brother had become a teacher, which he wanted to be.2.4 that 的用法That 即可以指人，也可以指物，那么和 which, who 有什么区别呢？2.4.1 that 和 which 的区别在下列情况最好用 which: a. 引导非限制性定语从句或者做介词宾语时，用 whichb. 先行词为 that, those 时，为避免重复最好用 whichWhats that which he refused to accept?c. 关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时
14、，一般用 whichProperty was the first thing which, on the death of the father, interested the sons.在下列情况最好用 that a. 先行词指物的 all, little, few, much, the first 用 that.There is not much that can be done.b. 先行词为-thing 的不定代词 something, anything, nothing, everything 时，一般用 that.Is there anything that I can do fo
15、r you?c. 先行词被 any, only, all, no, some, much, few, little，序数词，最高级，the only, the one, the right, the last 等修饰时，用 thatthe very problem that want to solve is like this.d. 先行词为 which 为避免重复，用 thatWhich is the train that is leaving for Beijing?e. 当先行词即有人又有物时，多用 that.The writer and his novels that the arti
16、cle deals with are quite familiar to us.f. 定语从句在谓语动词是 be 时，最好用 that.Beijing is not the city that it was.2.4.2 that 与 who 的区别以下情况最好用 whoa. 先行词为特定的人时多用 who, 泛指多用 that.The aunt who came to see us last week is my fathers sister.People that have not been trained cant do this kind of work.b. 非限制性定语从句中，用 whoc. 先行词是 that, those 时或被 that, those 修饰时，用 whoThose who seek to please everybody please nobody.d. 先行词为-body,-one 的不定代词 somebody/one, anybody/o
