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1、. . . .智课网TOEFL备考资料新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理 摘要： 新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理，下面是小马过河为同学们搜集整理的新托福真题TPO27阅读翻译及词汇整理的相关信息，小马小编整理过来，供同学们参考。 Crafts in the Ancient near East古代近东的手工艺 本文为最新的 托福 真题TPO第27套阅读第一篇，文章反映了托福“古代社会文明”类型的阅读的特点，阅读中的学科词汇很典型，对我们准备托福的阅读有很重要的参考意义，备战托福的同学不可错过。 学科词汇总结words craft手工艺 urban城市的 civilization 文明
2、 settlement定居点 agriculture农业 pottery实用陶器 textile纺织品 mold模具 carve雕刻 relief浮雕 clay粘土 utilitarian实用的 elaborate精心制作的 refined精制的 文章翻译translation 一、 人类历史上的第一个城市乌鲁克兴起。 Some of the earliest human civilizations arose in southern Mesopotamia, in what is nowsouthern Iraq, in the fourth millennium B.C.E. In the
3、 second half of that millennium, in thesouth around the city of Uruk, there was an enormous escalation in the area occupied bypermanent settlements. A large part of that increase took place in Uruk itself, which became areal urban center surrounded by a set of secondary settlements. While population
4、 estimatesare notoriously unreliable, scholars assume that Uruk inhabitants were able to supportthemselves from the agricultural production of the field surrounding the city, which could bereached with a daily commute. But Uruks dominant size in the entire region, far surpassingthat of other settlem
5、ents, indicates that it was a regional center and a true city. Indeed, it wasthe first city in human history.一些人类最早的文明崛起于公元前四千年的米索达比亚的南部(如今的伊拉克南部)。在公元前四千年的后半期，在乌鲁克城的南部附近被永久定居点占据的区域急剧的增加, 大部分的增长都发生在乌鲁克城内，使其成为了一个真正的城市中心并被一些次要的定居点包围着。虽然众所周知人口估计数是不可靠的，学者们认为乌鲁克居民每天往返城市和城市周边的田地,可以通过周边田地的农业生产来养活自己。但是乌鲁克在整个
6、区域拥有压倒性的面积优势，远远超过了其他的定居点，这说明它是这个地区的中心，是一个真正的城市。事实上，它是人类历史上的第一个城市。 二、 乌鲁克中专门从事非农业的工作的人及其考古证据 The vast majority of its population remained active in agriculture, even those people livingwithin the city itself. But a small segment of the urban society started to specialize innonagricultural tasks as a
7、result of the citys role as a regional center. Within the productivesector, there was a growth of a variety of specialist craftspeople. Early in the Uruk period, theuse of undecorated utilitarian pottery was probably the result of specialized mass production.In an early fourth-millennium level of th
8、e Eanna archaeological site at Uruk, a pottery styleappears that is most characteristic of this process, the so-called beveled-rim bowl. It is arather shallow bowl that was crudely made in a mold; hence, in only a limited number ofstandard sizes. For some unknown reason, many were discarded, often s
9、till intact, andthousands have been found all over the Near East. The beveled-rim bowl is one of the mosttelling diagnostic finds for identifying an Uruk-period site. Of importance is the fact that it wasproduced rapidly in large amounts, most likely by specialists in a central location.乌鲁克的绝大部分的人口甚
10、至包括住在城市里面的人仍然从事农业活动。但是由于这个城市是地区的中心，城市社会中的小部分人开始专门从事非农业的工作。在生产部门内部，专业工匠的类型有了增加。在乌鲁克时期早期，未装饰的实用陶器的使用可能就是大量专业化生产的结果。在公元前四千年早期的乌鲁克的考古遗址Eanna中，有一种陶器风格出现了，它是这个时期的最大特点，这种陶器被叫做“斜面边碗”。这种在模具中粗糙的制作而成的碗相当的浅，因此只有有限的几种尺寸。 由于一些未知的原因，很多碗都被丢弃，通常这些碗都是完整的，在近东已近发现了数千只。斜面边碗是鉴别是否属于乌鲁克时期遗址的最具标志性的发现之一。一个重要的事实是斜面边碗是被大规模生产出来
11、的，极有可能是专业工匠在集中在一个区域进行生产。 三、在乌鲁克时期存在着工匠进行专业化大规模生产 A variety of documentation indicates that other goods, once made by a family member as oneof many duties, were later made by skilled artisans. Certain images depict groups of people,most likely women, involved in weaving textiles, an activity we know
12、from later third-millenniumtexts to have been vital in the economy and to have been centrally administered. Also, aspecialized metal-producing workshop may have been excavated in a small area at Uruk. Itcontained a number of channels lined by a sequence of holes, about 50 centimeters deep, allshowin
13、g burn marks and filled with ashes. This has been interpreted as the remains of aworkshop where molten metal was scooped up from the channel and poured into molds in theholes. Some type of mass production by specialists was involved here.各种文件材料说明，曾经作为家庭义务而制作的其他商品后来被有技术的工匠的生产替代。一些图片描绘了数群人，很有可能是女人，在从事
14、于纺织的活动，从公元前三世纪的资料中我们得知这一活在经济中起着重要的作用并且在管理中处于中心的地位。同样，一个专门生产金属的作坊在乌鲁克被挖掘出来，它包含许多水渠，一系列洞穴成线状排列在水渠边。这些洞大约有50厘米深，都有燃烧的痕迹，里面填满了灰烬。这些遗迹被解释为作坊的遗迹，融化的金属从水渠中舀出来倒入洞中的模具，专业工匠的大规模生产被用到了这里 四、 乌鲁克的滚筒印章及其艺术品 Objects themselves suggest that they were the work of skilled professionals. In the late Urukperiod (3500-3
15、100 B.C.E.), there first appeared a type of object that remained characteristicfor Mesopotamia throughout its entire history: the cylinder seal. This was a small cylinder,usually no more than 3 centimeters high and 2 centimeters in diameter, of shell, bone, faience( a glassy type of stoneware), or various types of stones, on which a scene was carved into thesurface. When rolled over
