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1、太原理工大学 硕士学位论文 汾河流域关帝山区森林景观格局变化与分析 姓名：尚彦玲 申请学位级别：硕士 专业： 指导教师：乔玉良 20100428 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 I 汾河流域关帝山区森林景观格局变化与分析 摘 要 森林作为汾河流域景观的重要组成部分，对流域景观的多样性，物质 和能量的交换起着重要的作用。关帝山森林作为华北天然次生林具有代表 性的林区，对其进行景观格局分析具有重要意义。 本文以 1973 年 Landsat MSS 影像，1990 年及 2007 年 Landsat TM 影像 为基础数据，在景观生态学原理指导下，利用遥感与地理信息系统等技术 手段，结合野外调查资
2、料，首先对研究区的三期遥感影像进行图像处理， 并在此基础上进行景观要素信息提取。然后在景观格局软件 FRAGSTATS 的支持下，分别在类型水平和景观水平上选取能充分反映研究区景观特点 的景观格局指数，以 2007 年景观格局为例，对各类景观要素进行斑块组成 结构、面积特征、形状指数、破碎化指数、异质性和空间分布等分析。其 次，通过对三期景观要素的对比分析，得出在这三十多年间各类景观要素 发生了较大变化。最后，在景观格局动态分析的基础上，应用马尔科夫预 测模型对研究区未来景观要素的发展进行了预测，并对引起变化的驱动力 因素进行了分析。分析研究结果表明： (1) 研究区景观要素构成中，林地景观占
3、有最大优势，是整个景观的基 质，草地在景观类型中也占有相当的比例，而耕地，居民地与工矿用地， 河流在景观中占有的比例较小。在这三十多年间，林地的面积动态变化表 现为 1973 年2007 年1990 年，林地的面积特征指数、形状指数、分维数、 破碎化程度等变化情况与林地面积动态相一致。景观的聚集程度逐年增加， 异质性程度也随之增加，同时引起景观要素多样性增加。从空间分布上看， 三期景观要素在海拔、坡向、坡度级别上的分布和变化相一致，并表现出 一定的规律性。 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 II (2) 林地的一级景观格局分析较为复杂，主要表现为：针叶林面积逐年 增加，阔叶林和灌木林面积处于动态
4、变化中，相应的面积特征指数，形状 指数，破碎化指数，异质性指数等在三十多年间发生了较大变化并表现出 一定的规律性。 (3) 林地的二级景观情况更为复杂， 不同的林地成分在不同的年份变化 幅度不同。针叶密林、针叶疏林、阔叶密林各项指标变化较大。景观的异 质性逐年增加，并在 1990 年达到最高，景观的多样性也随之增加。同时三 期二级林地景观在不同的地形因子级别上表现一致。 关键词：遥感，地理信息系统，汾河流域，景观格局，动态分析 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 III CHANGES ANALYSIS ON FOREST LANDSCAPE PATTERNS IN FENHE WATERSHED
5、 OF GUANDISHAN REGION ABSTRACT Forests, as an important component of the landscape in Fenhe watershed, play a significant role in the landscape diversity of basin and the exchange of material and energy. Guandishan forest area, represented the watershed forests, is not only representative of the nat
6、ural secondary forest in North China mountain area, but also significant in the landscape pattern analysis research. Under the guidance of landscape ecologic theory, using, based on the Landsat MSS images in 1973 and the Landsat TM images in 1990 and 2007, we used the RS and GIS technology, combined
7、 with the collected field data, firstly,to make an image process on three periods of remote sensing images in the study area, and then extracted the landscape elements.Then, In the support of FRAGSTATS, a kind of landscape pattern software, we selected the landscape pattern indexes which can fully r
8、eflect the characteristics of study area on class level and landscape level respectively. Taking landscape pattern in 2007 as an example,we made the index conducted analysis on the aspects of patch formation, patch feature, shape index, fragmentation index, heterogeneity and spatial distribution, on
9、 all kind of landscape element in study area. We then made a comparison analysis on three periods of landscape elements to obtain the significant changes of all kinds of landscape elements in the thirty years. Finally, 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 IV on the basis of dynamic analysis of landscape pattern, we appl
10、ied the Markov forecast model to forecast the development of the future landscape element in study area， and analyzed the driving forces of the changes. Analysis results show that: (1) In the landscape element formation in the study area, the forest landscape has the biggest advantaged, which is the
11、 matrix of the whole landscape, the grass landscape also has quite a proportion, while the cultivated land, resident and mine land, and the river take up a smaller proportion of landscape. In the thirty years, the dynamic changes of forest area show that: 1973 2007 1990, and the changes of forestlan
12、d on area feature indexes, shape indexes, fractal dimension and fragmentation degree is dynamic consistent with the forestland area that indicates the forest interfered a lot. The increasing degree of landscape gathering and heterogeneity also lead to the increase of the landscape element diversity.
13、 From the spatial distribution of landscape, three periods of landscape elements are consistent on the distribution and variation of the levels on altitude, slope and aspect, represented a certain regularity. (2)Forest landscape pattern analysis of first-class is relatively complex, which is mainly
14、represented that increasing the coniferous forest area yearly, and the broad leaved forest and shrubbery are in a dynamic change, corresponding indexes of area features, shape,fragmentation and heterogeneity had such a change in the thirty years and exhibit a certain regularity. (3)The forest landsc
15、ape situation of second-class has more complicated. 太原理工大学硕士研究生学位论文 V Different woodland compositions have distinctive change ranges in various years: the indexes of coniferous dense crop, coniferous open forest and broad leaved dense forest change a lot, the landscape heterogeneity is rise and reac
16、hed the highest in 1990, the whole landscape diversity increased year by year, and the evenness is in change. Meanwhile, three periods of secondary forest landscape have the consistent performance in different levels of terrain factors. KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System, Fenhe watershed, landscape pattern, dynamic analysis 太原理工大学硕士研究
