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1、Lecture 8Sentence Translation Omission一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。二、教学过程：1. 增译法省译法词类转换正说反译、反说正译法重译法语态变换法词序调整法拆译法Omission (省译法) 1) A book is useful. 书（是）有用（的）。 2) The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕太阳转。 3) On Sundays we have no school. 礼拜天我们不上课。Omission (省译法)任何事物具有两面，翻译既然有增译法，就必定有对应的减译法或省略法。省
2、略法就是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。简言之省略法就是删去一些可有可无或有了反而累赘或违背译文表达习惯的词。省略法不是省掉原文的思想内容。这种省略多从语法和修辞角度考虑。冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时很少出现，为了使译文忠实地道，减译法或省略法就不可少了。1. 省略代词英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，若前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如：1）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他身体消瘦，
3、面容憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 Cf：Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice. 他象他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。2) We live and learn.活到老，学到老。3) Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。4) If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.得寸进
4、尺。5) I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。6) When conditions exist, go ahead; when they dont, create them and go ahead.有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。7) I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗脸。cf：别把手放在口袋里。Dont put your hands in your pockets.8) He shrugged hisshoulders, shook his head,
5、cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一言不发。Practice：. But its the way I am, and try as I might, I havent been able to change it.但我就这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。. Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。. The more you tried to hide your warts, the more you reve
6、aled them.越是想掩盖烂疮疤（缺点、瑕疵），就越是会暴露。. You must excuse me, I shall not speak of the matter again.请原谅，我以后不会再提这事了。. She put up her hand in a solute.她举手致敬。. Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。. It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。. It was with
7、 some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。2. 省略连词 我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如：1). He looked gloomy andtroubled. （表并列）他看上去有些忧愁不安。2). As the temperature increase, the volume of water become
8、s greater. （表原因） 温度升高，水的体积就增大。3) If winter comes, can spring be far behind? （表条件）冬天来了，春天还会远吗？4) Whenit is dark in the east, it is light in the west; when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north. （表时间）东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。Practice:1). It is in the plant that we work together with th
9、e workers.就是在这个工厂内我们同工人一起劳动。 2). The door was opened, and he came in.门开了，他走了进来。 3). He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大学念过两年书，后来就去参军去了。4). If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。 5). When at last he stood upon the cliff, he turned to
10、 his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他的妹妹。 6). John rose gloomily as the train stopped for he was thinking of his ailing mother.火车停了，约翰忧郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。3. 省略介词一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如：1) The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949.一
11、九四九年中华人民共和国成立。比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。2) In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。 比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。3) And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。4) Smoking is prohibited in public places. 公共场所不准吸烟。4. 省略冠词英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就
12、是增译法中的增加冠词。如：1) A book is useful. （是）有用（的）。2) The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。（省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）3) A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词a） 4) The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend. 站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。此句中girl后有
13、定语，汉译时定冠词The可省也可保留。）5) Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是论磅卖的。）当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。6) He left without a word.他一句话不说就走了。7) The children are of an age.这些孩子都是同岁的。Exercises1. We can not see sound waves as they travel through air.声波通过空气传播，是看不见的。（省人称代词）2. The d
14、og is stretching itself.这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词）3. It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast.寒冷阴沉的一天，乌云密布。（省略非人称代词it) 4. I can do it, and so can you. 我能做，你也能做。（省略并列连词）5. Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词）6. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（省从属连词）7. A wise man will not mar
15、ry a woman who has attainment but no virtue.聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。（省关系代词）8. 他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies. （增加并列连词）9. 礼拜天我们不上学。On Sundays we have no school.（增加介词）10. 孩子就是孩子。A boy is always a boy. (增加冠词）Lecture 9 Conversion(词类转换法)教学要求了解并熟悉词类转换法（Conversion）的翻译技巧；在此基础上了解英汉常见的差异。In terms of conversion we mean that in translating a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of sp
