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1、安徽大学 硕士学位论文 宋代家训与社会秩序的关系研究 姓名：吴祖宏 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：社会学 指导教师：徐华 2010-05 I 摘 要 群体生活是社会生活的本质，社会秩序是社会的一种内在需求。社会规范 是社会秩序的核心，社会秩序的实现以稳定的社会规范为前提，社会规范不仅 仅包括法律、法规等正式规范，还包括道德、习俗等非正式观念。家训作为一 种传统文化，是一定历史条件下社会意识的反映。宋代社会处在封建社会变迁 的关键时刻，整个社会存在建立稳定社会秩序的需要。宋代家训正是这种非正 式规范的一种体现，宋代家训的繁荣很好地促进了宋代社会秩序的实现。 自西周产生家训之后，名称虽多种多样，但是内
2、容和形式一直稳定地丰富 发展，并逐渐走向成熟。宋代是我国家训文化繁荣的重要时期，现在留存的有 很多著名的家训，也是我们研究宋代文化的重要史料之一。 宋代家训的作者主要是当时的文人士大夫，从思想意识上来看，宋代家训 是儒家文化的具体化，儒家云“修身，齐家，治国” ，宋代家训作为家庭教育的 规范，主要包括这三方面的内容。从个体的角度看，主要包括勉学重教、中庸 处世和遵守礼俗三个方面的规范。传统社会中家庭承担着更多的社会功能，家 庭是个体社会化的主要场所。宋代家训作为一种非正式规范在个体由生物人转 变为社会人的过程中起着重要的作用。家庭是社会的细胞，封建大家庭是小家 庭的有机组合，家庭秩序的稳定对于
3、社会秩序的稳定有着重要的意义。宋代家 训赋予家长权威保证家长权力的实施，进而实现家庭的长幼之序，同时以男权 为核心构建一种男尊女卑的性别秩序。家国同构的社会背景之下，家长权力是 君主权力的一种浓缩。宋代家训中，孝忠一体，孝悌观念延升为忠君爱国的思 想规范。统治阶级通过宋代家训，以温情脉脉的宗法血缘关系为依托，构建的 是一种森严的等级秩序。 传统文化的沃壤、宋代经济以及印刷等科技的发展为宋代家训的发展奠定 了坚实的基础。宋前长期社会动乱造成宋代社会结构的变迁与社会规范的破坏， 一方面，传统门阀士族逐渐衰落，代之而起的是官僚地主与庶族地主，相对频 繁的社会流动使得他们的政治经济地位的相对不稳定，使
4、得他们需要通过家训 来教育子孙维持家族的发展，宋代同居大家庭内部事务繁琐，人际关系复杂， 客观上也需要家训来维持家庭秩序的稳定；另一方面，传统社会规范在宋前的 II 社会动乱当中遭到严重的怕破坏，整个社会普遍处在一种社会失序的危险当中， 官方与民间存在一种建立新的礼法规范的需要。社会规范的破坏与重建是宋代 家训繁荣的另一个原因。此外，宋代家训的繁荣也与宋代尚文的政治策略分不 开，宋代加强集权以后，加强文化控制，宋代家训是统治阶级灌输封建文化的 一个切实可行的有效手段。 宋代家训作为一种时代的产物，客观上促进了宋代社会秩序的实现。作为 家庭教育的范本，使得封建家庭的教育有了稳定的规范，真个社会普
5、遍重视子 孙后代的文化教育与道德培养，客观上促进了社会成员素质的提高；宋代家训 的繁荣也便于家庭事务与人际关系的管理，促进家庭的稳定。而家庭的稳定也 必然会促进社会的稳定。宋代家训是主流文化儒家文化的一种反映，宋代 家训宣扬的也是儒家的伦理思想，宋代家训的价值观念也不可避免地存在为封 建统治阶级辩护的倾向。家训的说教以血缘关系为依托，很好地促进代了代表 统治阶级利益的社会规范的传播。宋代加强了文化控制的手段，宋代家训的发 展适应统治阶级的需要。封建礼法观念的传播能促进统治阶级社会控制的实现， 促进社会秩序的稳定。 宋代家训的繁荣虽然促进了社会秩序的实现，但是作为一种封建文化的产 物，也存在着一
6、定的局限性。宋代家训贯穿的是一种封建宗法观念，不可避免 地体现长幼有序、男尊女卑等封建等级思想，最终只能沦为封建统治阶级奴役 人民的工具，社会秩序的实现是以牺牲大多数人的权益为代价。此外，宋代家 训还宣扬儒家的中庸保守思想，整个社会缺乏创新意识，极大地阻碍了社会经 济、科技与文化的发展。 关键词：家训； 社会秩序； 社会规范； 家国同构； 右文政策 III Abstract Group life is the essence of social life，Social order is an inherent demand of society. Social norms are the co
7、re of the social order，to achieve a stable social order premised on social norms，Social norms include not only laws，regulations and other formal specification，but also morality，customs and other informal ideas. Family instructions as traditional culture of the social history，are certainly the reacti
8、on of social consciousness. Song is at the critical moment of social change in feudal society, the whole society need to establish a stable social order. The family instructions of Song are the real reflection of such informal norms, the prosperity of family instructions of Song have a promotion to
9、the realization of the social order of Song . Generated from the Western Zhou family instructions, the name does a wide range, but the content and form has been enriched and developed steadily, and gradually matured. The family instructions of culture in Song are in the most important period in hist
10、ory. The famous family instructions of Song that retained now are the important historical document in the study of Song. The author of the family instructions of Song is mostly the scholar , from the ideological point of view, the Song family instructions concrete Confucian culture, Confucian say S
11、lim, Running home, Governing the country, the family instructions of Song , as the standards of family education , includes three aspects. From the perspective of individuals, includes three aspects such as: study hard, moderation attitude of life and compliance with customs norms. in the traditiona
12、l society, the family assume more social functions, the family is the main place for individual socialization. the family instructions of song, as an informal norms, plays an important role in the process of individual changing from biological person to social person .The family is the cell of socie
13、ty, feudal clan is the organic combination of small family ,the stability of family order is very significant to social order .the family instructions give the parents the authority to ensure the implementation of the parental power, so as to realize the inter- generational order of family, and to c
14、onstruct IV a male- centered patriarchal gender order. In the background of homogeneous institution of family and state, parental power is the concentration of sovereign power. In the family instructions of Song, filial are homogeneous with loyal, loyal is the extension of filial piety ideal. The ru
15、ling class uses the family instructions to construct a strict hierarchical order by softhearted family Blood relationship. Fertile soil of traditional culture; the development of Song economy and printing technology have laid a solid foundation of the family instructions. the long- term social uphea
16、val caused the change of social structure and the damage of social norms , on the one hand, the gradual decline of the traditional patriarch Nobles, replaced by the bureaucracy and civilian landlords, the relatively frequent social mobility makes their political and economic status relatively unstable , so they need family instructions to educate their children to maintain the development of their family , family living toge
