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1、河南大学 硕士学位论文 拈连修辞的联结动因和语义构建的认知语法研究 姓名：申少帅 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：外国语言学及应用语言学 指导教师：牛保义 2011-03 III 摘 要 摘 要 本文在认知语法理论的框架下，结合牛保义教授（2011）提出的新自主/依存联结分 析模型，对汉语拈连修辞进行研究，旨在探求这种语言现象的内部成分联结动因和它的 语义构建。拈连为传统汉语修辞格之一，它“利用上下文的联系，把适用于甲事物的词 语巧妙地用于乙事物。甲事物一般都是具体的，在前；乙事物一般都是抽象的，在后” (黄伯荣、廖序东，2002) 。 根据研究的需要，本文首先对拈连例句的结构和语义特征进行详细考察
2、，并归纳出 如下特点。在句法上：第一，拈连是一种并列结构，由两个并列体或多个并列体加合而 成；第二，这些并列体由拈连词搭配其它成分构成，并符合相同的句法模式；第三，拈 连的构成中具有层级性， 先有第一并列体， 而后其它并列体在其基础上构成。 在语义上： 第一，拈连词与不同的成分结合时分别表达原型语义和延伸语义；第二，通常第一个并 列体表达的语义常规具体，可接受性高，而其后的并列体表达的语义超常抽象，可接受 程度低；第三，并列体中的成分通常语义上相关；第四，两个并列体在逻辑语义上相关， 属于关系联想。 根据以上的观察和归纳， 本文通过分析语言成分间的自主/依存联结关系来研究拈连 的认知基础，从而
3、解释其内部成分的联结动因和它的语义构建。通过研究发现：拈连是 由内部成分通过两个层级的对应关系联结而成的。首先，在低层级中，组构成分联结形 成不同的并列体。其中，拈连词作为依存成分凸显一个抽象次结构作为阐释位，其它成 分凸显的详细语义侧面对该次结构进行阐释。从而二者建立对应关系，整合成为一个复 合结构。在接受性低的并列体中涉及到的语义异常现象，则由第一个并列体提供的情景 语境和横组合语境消除。因此，复合结构的语义不仅来自各个组构成分的语义侧面，还 包括外部语言情景提供的部分。在高层级中，拈连的并列体的联结是在联想关系的基础 上进行地。可接受性低的并列体作为依存成分凸显一个抽象的次结构作为阐释位
4、，表示 一种诸如某种原因、条件之类的抽象联想基础。第一个并列体凸显的语义侧面则表示具 体的原因或条件，从而能对其进行阐释。这样，不同的并列体就整合为复合结构，表示 具体的逻辑语义关系。 IV 由以上的分析可见， 汉语拈连修辞内部成分的联结是由不同成分之间的对应关系促 动的；拈连的语义构建是一个动态的过程，是伴随着不同组构成分从低层级到高层级的 联结而进行概念化的。 关键词：拈连，自主/依存联结，联结动因，语义构建 I ABSTRACT Within the framework of the Cognitive Grammar, combined with the Revised Analyti
5、cal Model of Autonomy/Dependence Alignment (A/D A) established by Prof. Niu Baoyi (2011), this thesis has made an investigation in rhetorical device Nianlian, aiming to discover the motivation for the integration of its components and the principle of its meaning construction. As a popular linguisti
6、c phenomenon, it is defined as: in accordance with the established context, the expression used for the description of A is tactfully borrowed to describe B. A is usually concrete and used in the preceding utterance; B, by contrast, is abstract and used in the following. (Huang (ii) the repeated dom
7、inant words (DW) combine with other elements (represented as A, B, etc.) to form different conjuncts; (iii) it is hierarchical in its organization, the first conjunct is constituted before the following. Semantically, (i) the DWs express different meanings when combines with different elements, one
8、is prototypical meaning, others are extended; (ii) when conceived alone, the first conjunct is well acceptable, the followings are not and also constitute the semantic focus of the overall expression; (iii) the elements in different conjuncts are semantically relevant; (iv) the conjuncts are conceiv
9、ed relevant based upon a relational association. In accordance with these features observed, this thesis makes investigation on the cognitive foundation of Nianlian by means of A/D-alignment analysis, to account for its integrating motivation and meaning construction. The thesis finds: the component
10、s of Nianlian are integrated at two levels by virtue of a corresponding relationship. At the lower II level, the components are integrated to form different conjuncts. The DW serves as the dependent component, and other elements are autonomous elements. The salient schematic substructure within the
11、dependent component is profiled to offer an e-site that can be elaborated by the specific semantic profile of the autonomous component. Hence the two entities are superimposed, and their specifications merged, to form the composite structure. Concerning semantic anomaly in the less acceptable conjun
12、ct, this is the violation of selectional restriction that can be overridden in the situational and syntagmatic context offered by the first conjunct. The meaning of the composite structures subsumes both the profiles of its components and the additional aspects that are largely supplied by context.
13、At the higher level, the conjuncts of Nianlian are integrated by virtue of a correspondence based upon associational relationship. The less acceptable conjunct is the dependent structure in which a salient schematic substructure is profiled to function as an e-site that schematically indicates an as
14、sociational basis (cause, condition, etc.). The well acceptable conjunct is the autonomous structure that profiles a specific cause or condition to elaborate the e-site. In this way, the overall structure is constituted and expresses a specific associational relationship. Therefore, a tentative conc
15、lusion can be made that the component structures of Nianlian are integrated by virtue of a corresponding relationship among them, whose meaning is constructed dynamically and along with the process of integration at each level. KEY WORDS: Nianlian, A/D-alignment, integrating motivation, meaning construction IX List of Figures Figure 3.1.27 Figure 3.2.31 Figure 5.1.
