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1、Thinking Like an Economist 像经济学家一样思考 Chapter 2 Every field of study has its own terminology Mathematics axioms integrals vector spaces Psychology ego id cognitive dissonance Law torts venues Promissory estoppel 每个研究领域都有自己的语言 数学 公理 积分 向量空间 心理学 自我 本我 认知的 不一致性 法律 侵权行为 案发现场 约定的禁止翻 供 Every field of study
2、 has its own terminology Economics Supply Demand Elasticity Consumer Surplus Comparative advantage Opportunity cost Deadweight loss 每个研究领域都有自己的语言 经济学 供给 需求 弹性 消费者剩余 比较优势 机会成本 无谓损失 Economics trains you to. . . . uThink in terms of alternatives. uEvaluate the cost of individual and social choices. uEx
3、amine and understand how certain events and issues are related. 经济学训练你. . . . u从不同的角度思考问题。 u评估个人和社会选择的成本。 u检查和理解一些事件和问题是如何相 互关联的。 The Economist as a Scientist 作为科学家的经济学家 The economic way of thinking . . . 经济学思考方法 uInvolves thinking analytically and objectively. 客观地分析与思考。 uMakes use of the scientific
4、 method. 利用科学的方法。 The Scientific Method uUses abstract models to help explain how a complex, real world operates. uDevelops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories. Observation, Theory and More Observation! 科学方法 u利用抽象的模型帮助解释复杂的 真实世界如何运行。 u形成理论，收集并分析数据来验 证理论。 观察, 理论 ，更多的观察 The Rol
5、e of Assumptions u Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand. u The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. u Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions. 假设的作用 u 为了使这个世界更容易理解，经济学家 做一些假设。 u 科学思考的艺术就是决定作出什么样的 假设。 u 经济学
6、家利用不同的假设来回答不同的 问题。 The Economic Way of Thinking uIncludes developing abstract models from theories and the analysis of the models. uUses two approaches: uDescriptive (reporting facts, etc.) uAnalytical (abstract reasoning) 经济学思考方法 u利用理论建立抽象的模型，然后进 一步分析模型。 u利用两种方法: u描述性的方法 (报告实情等) u分析性的方法 (抽象推理) Econ
7、omic Models u Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world u Two of the most basic economic models include: uThe Circular Flow Model uThe Production Possibilities Frontier 经济模型 u 经济学家利用模型来简化真实世界，使我 们更好地理解这个世界。 u 两个最基本的经济学模型是： u循环流向图 u生产可能性边界 The Circul
8、ar-Flow Model 经济循环流向图 The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy. 循环流向图一个直观地说明一个 经济体内家庭和企业之间的经济交易 行为的简单方式。 The Circular-Flow Diagram Firms Households Market for Factors of Production Market for Goods and S
9、ervices SpendingRevenue Wages, rent, and profit Income Goods & Services sold Goods & Services bought Labor, land, and capital Inputs for production 经济循环图 企业 家庭 生产要素 市场 物品与劳务 市场 支出收入 工资、租金 和利润 收入 销售商品 和服务 购买商品 和服务 劳动、土地 和资本 生产投入 Figure 1 The Circular Flow Copyright 2004 South-Western Spending Goods a
10、nd services bought Revenue Goods and services sold Labor, land, and capital Income = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollars Factors of production Wages, rent, and profit FIRMS Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production Buy and consume goods and services Own and sell
11、 factors of production HOUSEHOLDS Households sell Firms buy MARKETS FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sell Households buy MARKETS FOR GOODS AND SERVICES The Circular-Flow Diagram Households u Buy and consume goods and services u Own and sell factors of production Firms u Produce and sell goods and ser
12、vices u Hire and use factors of production 经济循环流向图 家庭 u 购买并消费物品与劳务 u 拥有并出售所有生产要素 企业 u 生产并出售物品与劳务 u 雇佣并使用生产要素 The Circular-Flow Diagram Markets for Factors of Production u Households sell u Firms buy Markets for Goods & Services u Firms sell u Households buy 经济循环图 生产要素市场 u 家庭出售 u 企业购买 物品与劳务市场 u 企业出售
13、u 家庭购买 The Circular-Flow Diagram 经济循环图 Factors of Production 生产要素 u Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生产物品与劳务的投入 u Land, labor, and capital 土地、劳动和资本 The Production Possibilities Frontier The production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various combinations of output that the ec
14、onomy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology. 生产可能性边界 生产可能性边界 表示一个经济在 可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时 所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。 The Production Possibilities Frontier 生产可能性边界 Quantity of Computers Produced Quantity of Cars Produced 3,000 1,000 2,000 2,200 A 70060030001,000 B C D Produc
15、tion possibilities frontier 电脑产量 汽车产量 生产 可能性边界 Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities Frontier uEfficiency uTradeoffs uOpportunity Cost uEconomic Growth 生产可能性边界阐明的概念 u效率 u权衡取舍 u机会成本 u经济增长 4,000 The Production Possibilities Frontier Quantity of Computers Produced Quantity of Cars Produc
16、ed 3,000 2,000 A 700 01,000 E 2,100 750 An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier 4,000 生产可能性边界计算机产量 汽车产量 3,000 2,000 A 700 01,000 E 2,100 750 生产可能性边界 向外移动 Microeconomics and Macroeconomics uMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy. uHow households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific markets uMacroeconomics looks at the economy
