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1、美国人如何转播职业体育（How do Americans broadcast professional sports）How do Americans broadcast professional sports?Structure distribution of American TV stationsThe first broadcast event in American history was the baseball world series between New York Yankees and New York giants in 1921, broadcast live by
2、radio. It was not until 1939 that the first televised sports match was held in the United states. For the first time in 1962, NFL signed an exclusive broadcast contract with the media, which brought $4 million 650 thousand in revenue to NFLs team (averaging $320 thousand per team). NFL signed with e
3、ffect from 1998 2005 years TV contract value soared to a staggering $17 billion 600 million.In the United States, there are several major television broadcasting agencies in sports competitions:First, networks (television). A television network refers to a television content distribution network pro
4、vided by a central operator to various television stations. Americas three largest television networks, ABC, NBC and CBS, employ traditional wireless television technology, and viewers do not have to pay any fees to watch the programs on these networks.Second, cable TV (cable television, abbreviated
5、 as CATV). Cable TV is relatively a new wireless television broadcasting TV transmission mode, and compared the advantages of wireless TV, TV signal through cable transmission, unimpeded high-rise mausoleum etc., so the ratings of good quality. It can also use adjacent frequency transmission, so the
6、 spectrum resources can be fully utilized and more channel programs can be provided. Some of the most important Cable Tv Co in the United States, such as ESPN and TNT, charge a fee to viewers who watch their programs.Third, pay per pay TV (pay-per-view). Pay per view is built on the basis of ordinar
7、y pay channels, the user in addition to the annual pay a subscription fee, if you want to see a specific game, such as Lewis (Lewis) and Mike Tyson (Mike Tyson) a boxing match between, also must specially pay a fee.Fourth, super station (superstation). Traditionally, the so-called super station refe
8、rs to an independent television station, which can transmit signals to the local audience, and this signal can through the local Cable Tv Co to transmit their viewing area and spread to all regions of the country. At present, there are three major super stations in the United States: WTBS, WGN-TV an
9、d WOR-TV. What they all have in common is the highly televised sports programs, and in fact, these sports programs have helped them grow rapidly.Although the four major leagues got hundreds of millions of dollars by selling broadcast rights, major television networks failed to achieve the same profi
10、ts. Cable television, such as the nations three largest television networks and ESPN, suffered heavy losses in sports broadcasts, such as CBS losing $600 million in baseball and rugby, and NBC losing $100 million in football. Because a large number of broadcasters are broadcasting sports events, adv
11、ertisers can choose among them the lowest possible deals. With the introduction of pay per unit TV (pay-per-view) technology, the subscribers of this kind of TV channels are increasing year by year, which aggravates the competition of TV rights market. As a result, every independent television netwo
12、rk has found itself losing money in the broadcast rights market.In order to race through the sale of television rights and obtain more profits, but also to meet some of the television game show a monopoly of resources, the four major league spontaneously began to take some special system. This inclu
13、des:First, concentrate on the sale. Occupation sports leagues will between all of its teams broadcast rights to sell packaged in a way that is generally applicable to the national television network, the broadcast of the game, typically for a whole season or several seasons. Occupation sports league
14、 teams because of internal differences of geographical position, financial condition, competitive level, the game is totally different for broadcasters and audience appeal, if allowed the team to sell their game alone broadcast rights, between the big team and team the income gap will be very poor.
15、The sale mode allows all teams to eat big pot, the big teams and small team share rights transfer income to each team within the alliance will not be excessive gap between rich and poor widening.Second, exclusive license. Along with a centralized sales model, it is usually an exclusive license, that
16、 is, for a period of time, professional sports leagues sell only packaged game television rights to one of the many competing television organisations. This means that within the time limit of the license,The spectators can only see the league match through this TV set.Third, limit the amount of television rights the team will sell separately. Occupation Sports League in most games on the organization of broadcast rights for cent
