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1、湘潭大学 硕士学位论文 刑法的权力运作引论 姓名：冷必元 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：刑法学 指导教师：邱兴隆 20070508 摘 要 一般而言，刑法是一部社会保护法、一部政治保障法，它和权力有着密不可 分的内在联系。将权力机制引入刑法，在刑法中研究权力，在权力中探讨刑法， 这对发掘刑法的真实个性和内在特征以及命运归属，无疑就有着十分重要的现实 意义和实践价值。 从犯罪观来看，持有不同的犯罪根源观就会有不同的对待犯罪的态度，而有 不同的对待犯罪的态度，就会有不同的控制犯罪的权力策略。持犯罪恶害论犯罪 观，相应地就会采取惩罚犯罪的权力策略；持犯罪正常论犯罪观，相应地就会采 取抑制犯罪的权力策略；
2、持犯罪有益论犯罪观，相应地就会采取利用犯罪的权力 策略。利用犯罪就是利用对社会危害小的个别犯罪去控制社会危害大的整体性犯 罪，它表面上可能是违反刑法基本原理地制造犯罪、纵容犯罪和利用犯罪，但实 质上却达到了最大限度控制犯罪的基本目的。作为历史嬗变理性归结的现代性犯 罪控制策略，它既考虑了犯罪恶害的一面而惩罚犯罪，也考虑了犯罪正常的一面 而抑制犯罪，又考虑了犯罪有益的一面而利用犯罪。 从刑法的实体运作过程来看，由于权力的介入，权力机制就对刑法的运作产 生了极大影响。在犯罪定义阶段，它很大程度上体现的是强势群体将自己的道德 观、社会政治观确认为社会主流观念；在犯罪认定阶段，权力机制操纵下的刑法 既
3、有可能把犯罪认定为非罪，也有可能把非犯罪认定为犯罪；在刑法量定阶段， 权力的操纵有可能突破罪刑相适应的刑法圭臬，根据权力需要重轻其刑；在刑罚 执行阶段，权力的操纵也可能会否定刑法的基本理念，而对犯罪行为进行符合政 治需要的处断。总之，隐藏在刑法背后的权力机制操纵着刑法实体运行的全过程。 在权力机制介入刑法之后，正统刑法理念领域就产生了一系列的前所未有的 错乱：首先，刑法既惩罚犯罪又惩罚非罪，既惩罚实质上的犯罪又惩罚观念上的 犯罪，从而模糊了犯罪的概念；其次，刑法对象以及刑法手段的扩张，这使得传 统的刑法性质也产生了矛盾。权力机制彻底摧毁了一系列传统的刑法理念，整个 刑法领域显得错乱无序，同时也
4、使对刑法的理性解释陷入了极为艰难的困境。不 过，在这种权力刑法纷繁芜杂的表象后面，却隐藏着错乱中的权力刑法文明，隐 藏着权力控制犯罪的运作机理，这充分体现在权力刑法附有的控制犯罪的机制和 自我约束机制这两个方面。通过现实控制和虚拟控制、刑罚控制和非刑罚控制、 微观控制和宏观控制，权力通过刑法建立了一套有效的犯罪控制机制；通过目的 约束和程序约束，权力控制犯罪机制自身又生成了一套自我约束机制，这套自我 约束机制使得权力不但能够最大限度地控制犯罪，而且能够最大限度地为社会大 II 众所认同。 总之，权力通过运用社会所能接受的行动方式最大限度地控制了犯罪，它在 有效控制犯罪因而维护了统治的同时也没有
5、违反甚至反而是符合了社会大众的合 意。 关键词：权力；权力机制；自我约束机制；犯罪观；刑法的实体运作 III Abstract Generally speaking, criminal law is a law on social protection and one that protects political security, which has inner close connection with power. So, to introduce the power mechanism into criminal law, study power in criminal law an
6、d discuss criminal law out of power is of great practical significance and value to find out the real personality, intrinsic features and belonging of fate of Criminal Law. From the point of view of crime, the different views we hold towards the root causes of crime determine how we treat crime, and
7、 where there are different attitudes towards crime, there will be distinct strategy of power with which to control crime. When crime is considered harmful, power strategy of punishing crime is taken accordingly; when crime regarded normal, corresponding power strategy of preventing crime taken; and
8、crime considered beneficial , power strategy of utilizing crime. Utilizing crime is to make use of individual crime which is of small damage to the society to control the whole crime of great damage to society .Superficially, this kind of strategy may create crime, treat crime with indulgence and ma
9、ke use of crime, which is contradicting the basic principle of criminal law; however, it actually reaches the basic purpose of controlling crime to the fullest extent. As a modern strategy of crime controlling resulted from rational historical evolution, it is designed for punishing, preventing and
10、utilizing crime, while taking into account the harmful side, normal side and beneficial side of crime at the same time. As power is intervened, power mechanism brings great influence on the process of the real operation of criminal law. At the stage of how to define crime in criminal law, to a great
11、 extent, power mechanism plays big role in that the dominating groups validate their own morality and social political view as the mainstream view of the society; when crime is to be acknowledged， under the power mechanism ,crime may be acknowledged as non-crime or vice versa ; When the stage of dec
12、iding of punishment comes, away from the principle of criminal law that crime should be commensurate with penalty, the severity of penalty may be determined according to the requirements of power; Then, when it comes to the execution of penalty, the basic principle of criminal law may be denied when
13、 power is involved in, criminal acts may be disposed according to what the politics require. Anyhow, the entire process of the real operating of criminal law is manipulated by power mechanism behind the criminal law. IV The involvement of power mechanism in criminal law brings unprecedented confusio
14、n into the principle of the orthodox criminal law :First, the criminal law punishes both crime ,which includes not only practical crime but also ideological crime, and non-crime, thus blurring the concept of crime. Second, the essential character of the orthodox criminal law is mixed up by the expan
15、sion of the adjustment objects and methods in criminal law .Power mechanism destroyed thoroughly a series of traditional principles of criminal law, bringing confused disorder into it and confronting it with enormous difficulties in explaining its logic. However, under the complicated superficies of
16、 the Criminal Law with power intervened, civilization of criminal law and the crime-controlling mechanism by way of power are veiled, which fully represents both crime-controlling mechanism and self-regulating mechanism attached to power criminal law. On one side, a set of effective crime-controlling mechanism was set up as power is used in criminal law by way of its practical and virtual control, punitive and non-punitive control and microscopic and macroscopic control; on the other side, by f
