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1、山西财经大学 硕士学位论文 侦探小说巴斯克维尔猎犬中语用预设的研究 姓名：张晓雯 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：外国语言学及应用语言学 指导教师：白树勤 2010-06 iii 摘 要 作为一种语用概念，预设指说话人没有直接表达，但在交际中传达了的信息，属于 已知信息。预设，特别是语用预设成为研究各种语言现象的有效工具。侦探小说以其令 人惊叹的故事情节、以及侦探通过对话及证人证言提取破案线索的推理能力和技巧受到 读者关注。然而，对于侦探小说的研究大多是从文学角度分析，涉及语用学角度的很少。 语用预设作为传递信息的一种手段，对小说中侦探的推理以及对读者阅读起何种作用是 本文探讨的主要问题。 在前人研
2、究的基础上，本文从读者的角度尝试性的运用语用预设理论分析小说中语 用预设的使用情况。作为一种书面语的形式，对话成为小说中传递信息的重要途径之一。 本文选用福尔摩斯探案集中的一个故事巴斯克维尔猎犬中的对话作为语料，进 行定量和定性研究。通过数据统计和语料分析，本文探讨了小说中各种预设触发语、各 类语用预设的具体使用情况，语用预设在小说中的作用等问题，从而了解小说如何使用 语用预设组织行文。小说中语用预设的分析揭示了福尔摩斯严密的推理，显示出小说作 者柯南道尔的创作手法。分析表明，语用预设在小说巴斯克维尔猎犬中是非常常见 的。在小说中出现的各种语用预设里，拥有多种预设触发语的结构预设和词汇预设使用
3、 最多。语用预设成为推理的前提，是联系小说与读者的关键纽带。小说对话中预设的分 析不仅帮读者揭示出隐藏的信息，而且把读者带入小说虚拟的世界。语用预设的经济性、 连贯性及凸显性的作用，不仅为侦探小说创作者提供了一种写作标准，更为读者解读侦 探小说提供了一种有效的方法。 本文是对预设理论应用新的尝试，同时也为阅读侦探小说提供了新的途径。侦探小 说中的语用预设有助于读者更好的理解作者的写作技巧。对语用预设的推理更拉近了读 者与小说的距离，提高了读者的阅读兴趣。本文为从语言学角度研究侦探小说提出了新 的尝试。 关键词：侦探小说；读者；语用预设；预设触发语；语用预设的作用 i Abstract Pres
4、upposition, a linguistics conception, refers to the known information which is not asserted but implied by the speaker in a communicative activity. Presupposition, especially pragmatic presupposition, is used to analyze different language phenomena. It is a useful and effective device to imply infor
5、mation. The detective stories, which have a lot of implied information, are always analyzed from the angle of style, narrative pattern or the characters in the stories. The researches on the pragmatic presupposition are few. Whether pragmatic presupposition is often used in detective story reading a
6、nd how pragmatic presupposition is applied to detective stories will be the focus of this thesis. This thesis aims to guide readers to better appreciate the detective stories from the perspective of pragmatics. Based on the previous researches, the pragmatic presupposition in detective stories will
7、be analyzed on Yule s classification of pragmatic presuppositions. The quantitative study and the qualitative study are applied in this thesis. Dialogues are chosen from one of The Stories of Sherlock Holmes - - - - The Hound of the Baskervilles as data to analyze the use of pragmatic presupposition
8、 in a detective story, because dialogues are a real way to transmit and acquire information in detective stories. The quantitative study tends to analyze the frequency of different presupposition triggers and pragmatic presuppositions. The qualitative study focuses on the analysis of the functions o
9、f different kinds of pragmatic presupposition in this novel. The analysis shows that pragmatic presuppositions are used frequently in The Hound of the Baskervilles. Yule s six kinds of pragmatic presupposition are adopted in the dialogues of the story, including existential presupposition, factive p
10、resupposition, lexical presupposition, structural presupposition, non- factive presupposition and counterfactual presupposition. Through the analysis, structural presupposition and lexical presupposition are the most frequently used devices which could be realized by their different kinds of presupp
11、osition triggers. Structural presupposition can be triggered by temporal clause, cleft sentence, non- restrictive relative clause and questions. Lexical presupposition is the presupposition triggered by i mplicative verb, change of state verb, verb of judging or iterative. These two kinds of pragmat
12、ic presuppositions are used to design the implied information and attract readers to make inferences. It is also found that the economization function, together with coherence function and the prominence of information, sets a writing standard for detective ii story creators. The functions of pragma
13、tic presuppositions are supposed to help readers understand the whole story. The pragmatic presupposition is helpful to shorten the gap between readers and the story. According to the analysis and inference of pragmatic presuppositions, the readers could not only enjoy the process of indication of t
14、he information hidden in the presuppositions, but also enter into the fictional world of the story as the detective. The analysis on pragmatic presupposition in detective story reading is helpful for the readers to comprehend authors writing skill and has a further understanding of artistic charm of
15、 detective stories. This thesis serves as an effective way for the appreciation of detective stories and is a preliminary attempt of employing linguistic approach to analyze detective stories. Key Words: detective story; pragmatic presupposition; presupposition triggers; structural presupposition; l
16、exical presupposition; functions of pragmatic presupposition 山西财经大学 学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所 取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发 表或撰写过的作品成果。对本文的研究所做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明 确方式标明。本人完全意识到本申明的法律结果由本人承担。 学位论文作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日 山西财经大学 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保管、使用学位论文的规定，同意学 校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版， 允许论文被查 阅和借阅。 本人授权山西财经大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入 有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本 学位论文。 本学位论文属于保密，不保密。在 年解密后适用本授权书。 （请在以上方框内打“” ） 学位论文作者签名： 指导教师签名： 日期： 年 月
