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1、河北大学 博士学位论文 再造文明与教育革新胡适高等教育思想研究 姓名：李运昌 申请学位级别：博士 专业：中国教育史 指导教师：韩清林 20100501 摘 要 I 摘 要 胡适是一位“文化立国”论者，同时又是“教育救国”论者。他不但是新文化运动 的主要领袖之一，同时又是中国现代高等教育的重要奠基人。他的一生都在为再造文明 而努力，而其再造文明的主要途径是教育革新。他的终生梦想是把中国建设成一个现代 化国家，使她能够屹立于世界之林。他认为建设一个现代化的国家必须有现代化的人， 而造就现代化的人必须靠现代化的教育，因而他把教育置于优先发展的战略地位。他把 再造文明视为我国现代教育的唯一方针，这是其
2、高等教育思想的文化基础，也是其对中 国教育进行革新的指导方针。为再造文明而革新教育是胡适高等教育思想的重要特色。 为了探究再造文明与教育革新之间的关系，本文主要从下面几个部分展开进行： 首先，探究胡适受教育的经历其教育思想形成过程。从九年家乡教育到上海接受新 教育，然而赴美留学，这是他一步步由传统教育向现代教育迈进的历程，同时他的思想 由萌芽而结胎而至成熟的形成过程。期间他在九年家乡教育时期，不但打下了坚实的传 统教育基础，同时也形成了朴素的科学理念；在上海接受新式教育阶段，深受梁启超等 人的影响，萌发“教育救国”思想；赴美留学阶段，在接受全新的西方教育的同时，有 意识地对中西文化进行比较研究
3、， 期间他接受杜威的实验主义， 孕育了文学革命的种子， 更重要的是产生了为祖国造新文明的观念和“教育树人救国”的思想路线，从而坚 定选择了终身从事教育的志业。 其次，通过探究胡适与新文化运动的关系和他的中西文化观，发掘再造文明的基本 途径和努力方向。他首先从文学革命入手，发起白话文学运动，客观上为教育的普及提 供了语言文字基础，从而使教育的普及成为可能。文学革命的另一重大作用便是思想解 放和个人解放，因此说，胡适发起文学革命的另一重要目的是为了塑造新型国民性。 胡适认为任何一种文化都有传统和现代之分， 同时也认为任何一种文明都包含物质 文明与精神文明，从而认为中西文化是大同小异的，从根本上来说
4、，它们都是向解放人 类、使人们生活幸福的方向走，而它们的差距在于：西方近代文明起于近代科学。胡适 把科学看作是人类的智慧，是精神因素，因而说西方文明是真正的精神文明，又因西方 近代文明是建立在近代科学技术之上的，因而又称其为科学文明和工业文明。他深刻认 识到西方近代文明的四个源头文艺复兴、宗教革命、新科学和工业革命，它们的领 摘 要 II 袖人物都是大学的产儿。因此说，西方近代文明在根源上是中世纪大学促成的。他认为 这些正是中国所缺乏的，这也是造成近代中国与西方差距的主要原因。平心而论，胡适 并不认为中国传统文化一无是处，而是不适合于现代世界的发展，同时也认为西方近代 文明的科学与民主的重要因
5、子在中国不是没有，而是没有得到发扬光大。就是这个重要 因子才使得再造文明有了可能性。因而说，西方近代文明是胡适再造文明的努力方向， 再造文明的基本途径便是改造中国的传统教育，特别是高等教育。这便是其建设中国现 代教育体系的文化根源。 第三， 胡适从文明进化的角度， 发现了科学的重要作用。 因而， 在教育革新过程中， 他特别强调了科学研究在高等教育中的重要地位， 科学研究离不开人才， 二者互为因果， 相辅相成。他认为科学研究，人才是第一要件，其次才是设备。而人才的产生，必须要 有现代化的教育做基础。因而，他在教育实践活动中，积极参与教育制度的各项改革， 在其中发挥了重要作用。为了使科学研究能顺利
6、进行，除了广聘人才和努力培养人才之 外，必须还要创造独立、自由的学术环境，这便是他的教育独立思想。 总之，胡适是中国现代教育的重要奠基人，他以再造文明为指导方针，积极参与各 项教育革新活动，并形成了科学与人才并重，学术独立与思想自由的教育理念。 关键词 胡适；再造文明；教育革新；高等教育；教育思想； Abstract III Abstract Hu Shihs educational thought and practice is colorful. He is a man who regards culture as the foundation of the nation and rega
7、rds education as the main way to saving our country. He is not only one of the main leaders of the New Culture Movement but one of the important founders of Chinese modern education as well. In his whole life, Hu Shih has worked hard for the Chinese renaissance through the way of educational innovat
8、ion. His lifelong dream is to build China into a modern nation, so that she can stand in the world. He believes building a modern country must rely on modern people while modern people must be cultivated by modern education. Therefore, He gives priority to education development in strategic position
9、. He regards Chinese renaissance as the only principle of modern education in China. Chinese renaissance is the culture foundation of his educational thoughts but also the principle which guide him to reform Chinese educational system. Combining Chinese renaissance and education innovation closely i
10、s the important feature of Hu Shihs educational thoughts and practice. In order to make a thorough inquiry of the relationship of Chinese renaissance and education innovation, I will solve the problem through the following work: First of all, I probe into his career as a student to gain a clear idea
11、 of the formation of his educational thoughts. Hu Shihs career as a student is an experience from traditional education to modern education. During this time, he has accepted nine years traditional education, six years new style education in Shanghai and seven years whole Western education. In the v
12、ery period, his educational thoughts has experienced as the beginning stage, the embryonic stage and mature period. During his nine years period of home education, he has not only laid a solid foundation of traditional education but also formed simple scientific ideas. In the stage of accepting new
13、style education in Shanghai, deeply influenced by some scholars such as Liang Qichao etc, Hu Shih has formed the concept of saving the country through education. During the period of studying in the United States, he has consciously studied Chinese and Western culture, meanwhile, he has accepted exp
14、erimentalism from John Abstract IV Dewey and has brewed the Chinese literary revolution. The most important thing in this period was that he has had the idea of building new style civilization for our country and ideological line of developing educationcultivating new style peoplesaving the country.
15、 Because he had those ideas, he decided to be a guider of our country people. Secondly, I has realized the significance of Chinese renaissance by studying Hu Shihs concept of Chinese and Western culture. At first, Starting with Chinese literary revolution, he sponsored the vernacular literature move
16、ment, which actually provided language base for the spread of education and made it possible. Another important role of the literary revolution was the ideological emancipation and personal liberation, that is to say, Hu Shih sponsored literary revolution in order to create a new national character. Hu Shih points out that any kind culture has tradition and modern. Meanwhile, he thinks any kind of civilization includes material civilization and spiritual civilization, thus, he p
