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1、写作和翻译,周乐,大学英语四六级作文评分标准,（注：虽然现在作文不是15分满分，但作文分值仍然占整卷的20%左右） 2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。 5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。 8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。 14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。),评分原则,1、检查考生是否达
2、到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求。 2、采用总体评分（Global Scoring)方法 阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（reward scores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 3、 从内容和语言两方面对作文进行综合判断。作文应表达题目所规定的内容。评分要考虑文章是否切题，是否清楚而合适地表达思想，语言错误是否造成理解障碍。,评分标准（按百分制评判）,1、满分15分 2、阅卷标准分五等：2分，5分，8分，11分，14分 3、档次评分标准 2分， 5分， 8分， 11分，14分,”,“,第一讲：句子的写作与扩展,1. 完整句子和句子碎片 2. 简单句，复合句，复杂句 3. 名词词组 5.
3、 标点，大小写 6. 句型模仿 7. 句子扩展 8. 错句修改,”,“,1. 完整句和句子碎片,语法上完整的英语句子至少有一个主语和一个谓语动词。如果谓语动词是及物动词，则必须带一个宾语。如果谓语动词是连系动词，则必须带一个表语或补语。 e.g. He came. She wrote a letter. Dr. Smith is a professor.,记住句子的基本结构尤其重要，否则，学生会在造句时没有主语，谓语，或两者都没有。 e.g. have done it. raining. how to use it?,I have done it. It is raining. How do
4、you use it?,”,“,虽然定语和状语不是句子必不可少的成分，但是它们帮助句子表达的更清晰，完整 e.g. He came to the classroom very early. She wrote a long letter to her parents. Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics.,完整句的开头首字母必须大写字母（capital letter），结尾必须要用句点（period）。这个原则对中国学生尤其重要。因为在汉语中，经常用逗号（comma）将完整的句子隔开。 It was raining hard, they
5、 could not work in the fields.,It was raining hard; They could not work in the fields. It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields. It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fiels. As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.,”,“,2. 简单句，复合句，复杂句,简单句有且仅有一个主语，和谓语。但是简单句
6、可以有一个以上的宾语，定语或状语。 S 主语 subject V 谓语 verb O 宾语 object C 补语 complement A 状语 adverbial 定语 attribute 简单句的所有成分（constituents）都是单词或词组，不是分句。,”,“,简单句基本句型 simple sentence,SV The birds sang. SVA She drove at full speed. SVC He looked(became) angry. He was sad. SVO I bought a book. SVOiO I bought my sister a bo
7、ok. SVOA They sent the parcel by airmail. SVOC They elected him captain. There be.,”,“,复合句 compound sentence,和简单句不同的是，复合句包含两个以上独立的分句，分句和分句之间用并列连词或分号（；）连接，每个分句的地位是平等的。 e.g. The evening came, and the work went on. The evening came, but the work went on. You could work on, or you could go home. There w
8、as no reply; the old womans face was white.,复杂句 complex sentence,复合句强调的是句子和句子间地位平等，复杂句则不一样，它通过使用从属结构，明确句子和句子间的逻辑关系。从属分句根据分句的功能来命名。如，主语从句，宾语从句，状语从句，定语从句 e.g. i did not know what i could do. (宾从) when i had made an end of these labors, it was four oclock. （状从）,简单句中的名词词组,名词词组可以有以下修饰： 1. 前置修饰 the tall,
9、thin, sickly-looking man 形容词 the college administration building 名词 a day-by-day arrangement 副词词组 a do-it-yourself book 句子,2. 后置修饰 skills in writing 介词短语 skills to survive 不定式短语 skills requiring speed 现在分词短语 skills learned at school 过去分词短语 skills which require speed 定语从句,3. 同位 Tom Jones, the general
10、 manager the captain, an old man famous novelists, for example Dickens and Hardy Chinese food, particularly Shichuan cuisine He denied the fact that he was guilty. (同位从句),通过给名词词组增加信息，简单句可以变得非常复杂。,简单句中的状语,状语传达的是时间，地点，方式，限制，因果，让步，条件，程度等概念。状语可以放在句首，句中，句尾。可以有一个或多个状语。 状语的形式有： 介词短语，to 不定式，-ing短语，-ed短语。,状语
11、的顺序 1) 修饰谓语的副词+修饰句子的副词(地点状语) 2) 小的地点+大的地点（地点状语） He works at a hotel in Shanghai. 3) 持续时间+频率+具体时间点（时间状语） He reads for an hour every day in the evening. 4) 方式+手段+工具+施动者 （方式状语） she was dressed in clean white clothes by her mom. 5) 限制+方式+地点+时间+逻辑 she continued to work on her book at night despite her il
12、lness. they went by plane to London to attend the conference.,大写和标点,三个地方的首字母要大写： 句子的第一个单词；标题中的关键词；专有名词 e.g. I said, “When do you usually go home?” What Can the Artist Do in the World of Today? The People Without a Country Peking University Changan Street Labour Day the Peoples Republic of China,标点,使
13、用comma，的情况 1. 复合句中，连词之前要用comma We were tired, and we decided to have a rest. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 2. 状语从句，或短语之后，主语之前 When the bell rang, the teacher dismissed the class. To see the importance of this railway, one has to look at the map. 3, 一连串的单词和词组之间 The little gir
14、l likes to sing, to dance, and to act. 4. 插入语前后 Your work, im sorry to say, is not satisfactory.,其他情况 yes, i think so. He said, “The Summer Palace is like a fairyland.” “The Summer Palace is like a fairyland,” he said. This factory produced 830,000 bicycles last year.,句号 “ . ”,1. 在陈述句，祈使句，间接疑问句末尾 ev
15、ery student should learn to use the punctuation marks. learn to use the punctuation marks. they asked how the period should be used. 2. 大部分缩写 Mr. Mrs. Dr. Ph. D. U. S. A. a.m. p.m. U.K. I.Q.,句型模仿,1. 常用句型仿写 （1） cannot emphasize the importance of too much.(再怎么强调.的重要性也不为过) （2）There is no denying that +
16、 S + V .(不可否认的.) （3）It is universally acknowledged that + 句子 (全世界都知道.) （4）There is no doubt that + 句子 (毫无疑问的.) （5）An advantage of is that + 句子 (.的优点是.) （6）The reason why + 句子 is that + 句子 (.的原因是.) That is the reason why (那就是.的原因),（7）By +Ving, can (借着.，能够) （8）On no account can we + V (我们绝对不能.) （9）It is time + S + 过去式 (该是.的时候了) （10）be + forced/compelled/obliged + to + V (不得不.) （11）It is ob
