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1、Lesson 1 Grammar,1) Pliny wrote about an extremely terrible volcanic eruption that he had witnessed as a young man. 2) However, more than 1,600 years later, some scientists found the lost towns that had been buried under the ashes. 3) Before the eruption occurred, it had been a booming Roman city Pa
2、st perfect: used for an event that occurred before another event or time period in the past.,Look at the following three pictures, which of the two sentences best describes each picture.,The film began when they arrived at the cinema. The film had begun when they arrived at the cinema.,The students
3、were leaving the class when the teacher came in.,b) The students had left the class when the teacher came in.,The police arrested the man who was breaking into a jewellery shop. b. The police arrested the man who had broken into a jewellery shop.,When do we use past perfect?,一件事情发生在过去，而另一件事情先于它发生（即表
4、“过去的过去”），那么发生在前的事情的动词需用过去完成时。时间状语可用before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可通过上下文来表示。 She had learned some English before she came to the institute. John was given the same suitcase his father and grandfather had taken with them to school.,表示从过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作。 常用的时间状语有：by then, by that time, until, by the
5、end of. Before 2000, by the time+句子（动词用一般过去时）等。 By then he had learned English for 3 years. Until then he had known nothing about it yet.,When do we use past perfect?,在hardly/scarcely/barelywhen和No sooner than句型中，when和than从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时，且用倒装，表示“刚刚就” Hardly/No sooner had I got home when/than the r
6、ain poured down. Hardly had we started when the car got a flat tyre. TRANSLATION：1.我刚开始做作业就困了。 2.我刚到学校就下雨了。,When do we use past perfect?,That/It/This was the first time/second/ time + that 从句。That从句的谓语动词要用过去完成时。 It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. That was the first time that I
7、had passed the exam.,When do we use past perfect?,Sum up,一件事情发生在过去的过去 一件事情从过去某一时间一直延续到过去另一个时间 Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely + 过去完成时倒装 + when + 一般过去时; No sooner + 过去完成时倒装 + than 一般过去时 刚刚就；一就 That/It/This was the first/second/time + that从句,Put the verbs in brackets in the Past Perfect.,I _(hope) to meet you
8、at the airport, but I was caught in a traffic jam. We _(decorate) the hall for the party by 5 oclock yesterday evening. The boss _(leave) the office before I called him.,had hoped,had decorated,had left,Multiple choice,E-shoppers _ to 30 million by the end of last year. A. had grown B. grew C. have
9、grown D. grow By the time Jack returned home from England, his son _ from college. A. graduated B. has graduated C. had been graduating D. had graduated,A,D,Group discussion,Look at the ending of a story and imagine what had happened earlier. Ending of the story: She finally went to sleep. Examples:
10、 A. Before she went to sleep she had drunk a cup of hot milk. B. Before she drank a cup of hot milk, she had listened to some relaxing music. ,Quick review,When do we use past perfect tense? 一件事情发生在过去的过去 一件事情从过去某一时间一直延续到过去另一个时间 Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely + 过去完成时倒装 + when + 一般过去时; No sooner + 过去完成时倒装 + t
11、han 一般过去时 刚刚就；一就 That/It/This was the first/second/time + that从句,When the sixteen-year-old schoolgirl Tina Blake _ (come) home from school she was expecting to have her lunch. But she _ (find) her 38-year-old mother, Louise, on the floor in the hall, having a baby. She could see the babys head. With
12、 her father out at work, Tina phoned the emergency services and told them what she _ (just see).,Tina, 16, brings her sister into the world.,came,found,had just see,Phil Bastin of Kent Ambulance Service _ (tell) Tina that he _ (send) an ambulance but Tina would probably have to deliver the baby hers
13、elf. He _ (never tell) anyone how to deliver a baby on the phone before. But he told Tina what to do and she did it.,Tina, 16, brings her sister into the world.,told,had sent,had never told,“After I _ (get) some towels, Mr Bastin told me to wipe the babys mouth and nose,” said Tina. Then, because sh
14、e _ (do) everything she could and the ambulance _ (arrive), she went back to school for the afternoon. “At first, she _ (not tell) us what _ (happen)” said Tinas teacher, Chris Hislop. “It seems that until the next day she _ (not even tell) her best friends in the class. And after school she _ (stay) behind to play basketball. Now, thats what I call cool!”,Tina, 16, brings her sister into the world.,had done,had got,had arrived,didnt tell,had happened,hadnt even told,stayed,
