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1、Unit 1Materials science材料科学 Stone age石器时代 Naked eye肉眼 Bronze age铜器时代Optical property光学性能 Integrated circuit集成电路 Mechanical strength机械强度Thermal conductivity导热 “Materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast ,”mate
2、rials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properties。，材料工程是根据材料的结构和性质的关系来设计或操纵材料的结构以求制造出一系列可预定的性质。从功能方面来说，材料科学家的作用是发展或合成新的材料 Virtually all important properties of solid materi
3、als may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical ,and deteriorative。固体材料的所有重要的性质可以分成六个不同的种类，机械性能、电性能、热性能、磁性能、光性能和内耗。 In addition to structure and properties , two other important components are involved in the sciences and engineering of materials
4、, namely“processing”and“performance”.除了组织性能之外，另外两个重要的性质也包括在材料科学和工程之中，即“加工”和“特性” The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure-property relationship，as well as processing techniques of material，the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make
5、judicious materials choices based on these criteria。工程师或科学家对材料的特征、组织性能以及生产工艺越熟悉,他们就越自信和精通的在这些标准中做出明智的材料选择 On only rare occasion does a material possess the maximum or ideal combination of properties . Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another.只有在极少数的情况下材料具有最大值或理想属性。如此，可能需
6、要用一个属性和另一个属性交换。交叉科学interdisciplinary study 介电常数dielectric constant 固体材料solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electromagnetism radiation材料加工materials processing 弹性系数（模数）elastic modulus直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to
7、understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。”Materials engineering “is ,on the basis of there structure property correlations ,designing or engineering the structure of a material that produce a predetermined set of properti
8、es材料加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, namely “processing” and “performance.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force.Unit 2
9、Composite materials复合材料 nonlocalized electrons游离电子 Advanced materials尖端材料Stiffnesses硬度 semiconductors 半导体 biomaterials 生物材料 smart materials 智能材料nanoengineered materials 纳米材料工程Metals are extremely good conductor of electricity and hear, and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surfac
10、e has a lustrous appearance.金属是电和热的良导体,并且不能透过可见光:一个磨光的金属表面具有一个光泽的外形。Ceramic are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat, and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers.陶瓷是电和热的典型的绝缘体,并且相对金属和聚合物更具有抵抗高温和恶劣的环境。Materials that are utilized i
11、n high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials. 用在高科技中的材料有时被称作先进材料Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered.压电陶瓷的伸张和收缩时对外电
12、场的一个反应，相反的，当其尺寸发生改变时，也能产生电场With the advent of scanning probe microscopes, which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level const
13、ituents (I . e ,”materials by design”). 伴随着扫描探针显微镜的出现，可以观察到单个原子和分子，使处理和搬迁原子和分子成为一个可能的事情，这样通过建立简单的原子可以设计新材料。先进材料advanced materials 陶瓷材料ceramic materials 高性能材料high properties material 粘土矿物clay mineral 合金alloy 移植implant 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotube金属元素有许多游离电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materia
14、ls have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons: that is ,there electrons are not bound to particular atoms.许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements; 半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料（如金属，金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合材料）之间。Semiconduc
15、tors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors（viz. metals and metal alloys） and insulators(viz .ceramics and polymers).生物材料不能产生毒性，并且必须与人体组织互相兼容。These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause a
16、dverse biological reactions).Unit 3naked-eye肉眼，裸视 transition-elements过度金属银元素 mechanical-property力学性能atomic-number原子数 elementary-chemistry元素化学 positively-charged-protons正电荷质子 Metals behave differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers .金属的性质不同于陶瓷，陶瓷的性质也不同于聚合物。The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic,and optical propert
