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1、Welding,welding,Applications of welding,Words,Argon arc welding 氩弧焊carbon deoxide arc welding CO2气体保护焊AW-arc welding 电弧焊SMAW-shield metal arc welding 手工电弧焊GMAW-gas metal arc welding 气体保护电弧焊GTAW-gas tungsten arc welding 钨极气体保护焊,Words,SAW-submerged arc welding 埋弧焊PAW-plasma arc welding 等离子电弧焊ESW-elect
2、roslag welding 电渣焊EBW-electron beam welding 电子束焊EGW-electrogas welding 电气焊LBM-laser beam welding 激光焊OAW-Oxyacetylene welding 氧乙炔焊接,Words,Resistance welding 电阻焊Spot welding 电焊Seam welding 缝焊Butt welding 对焊Slag 熔渣Brazing硬钎焊Soldering软钎焊,Types of welds,welding,Fusing welding,Brazing/soldering,Pressure w
3、elding,AW、SMAW、GMAW、SAW、PAW、ESW、EBW、EGW,：,Friction welding、Resistance welding,:,Words,Butt 对焊接头Butt weld in the flat position 对接平焊Butt welded pipe(tube)对缝焊管 T T形接头 Lap 搭接接头 Corner 角接接头,Five Types of Joints,Butt,Lap,T,Corner,Words,Flat welding 平焊Horizontal welding横焊Vertical welding 立焊Overhead welding
4、 仰焊,Five Welding Positions,Flat,Horizontal,Vertical up,Vertical down,Overhead,Words,heat-affected zone 热影响区bond zone 熔合区Overheated Zone 过热区Normalized Zone 正火区Partial Phase-change Zone 部分相变区recrystalization zone 再结晶区,Structural changing of heat-affect zone for low carbon steel,1-bond zone; 2- Overhea
5、ted Zone; 3-Normalized Zone; 4-Partial Phase-change Zone; 5-recrystalization zone,Words,Welding electrod/electrod 电焊条Core wire 焊芯Coating 药皮,12.1 概述,焊接是指在适当的温度、压力和冶金条件下，通过局部融合的方式将两块材料（通常是金属），永久连接在一起的过程。因为温度和压力组合的范围很广，可以从高温无压力到高压无温升，焊接可以在各种条件下完成，多焊接工艺得到了发展，并应用于日常生产中。普通人对于焊接作为一种生产工艺的重要性了解很少，但是，如果不使用焊接，
6、金属产品的很大部分都会有很大的改变，这将急剧地提高成本，降低生产效益。,12.1 概述,为了获得两种金属之间的良好结合，所焊接金属的原子必须相近且具有活性，这样才能形成金属晶体。理想的冶金结合需要（1）绝对光滑，平整，相匹配的表面；（2）洁净的表面，没有氧化物，吸附气体，油脂或其它杂质；（3）金属内部没有杂质；（4）两种金属是具有相同晶体学取向的同种晶体。显然，即使在理想的条件下，这些条件都是很难达到的，在实际条件下，要满足这些条件是不可能的。因此，设计各种方法来克服实际中的不足，从而达到理想条件。,12.1 概述,各种焊接工艺不仅在温度压力组合与获得（方式）上有很大不同，而且对于焊接前金属表
7、面的清理和焊接过程中可能出现的氧化或污染必须给予的关注程度也不相同。如果使用高温，金属的大部分将会受到环境的不利影响，如果实际焊接中，金属融化了，金属将会发生很大的变化。而且，由于连续的加热和冷却，金属的结构和质量也会受到不利影响，这些影响是我们必须要考虑的。,12.1 概述,总之，为了得到满意的焊接，需要合理的加热和压力源，一种保护金属和清洁金属的方法，防止或弥补不利的冶金作用。, Shielded Metal-Arc-Welding,Schematic illustration of the shielded metal-arc-welding process, also known as
8、 stick welding, because the electrode is in the shape of a stick .About 50% of all large-scale industrial welding operations use this process., Submerged Arc-Welding,Schematic illustration of the submerged arc-welding process and equipment. Un-fused flux is recovered and reused., Submerged Arc-Weldi
9、ng, MIG Welding Process and Equipment,(a) Gas metal-arc-welding process, formerly known as MIG welding (for metal inert gas). (b) Basic equipment used in gas metal-arc-welding operations., TIG Welding Process,(a) Gas tungsten-arc-welding process, formerly known as TIG welding (for tungsten inert gas
10、). (b) Equipment for gas tungsten-arc-welding operations., TIG Welding Process, Plasma-Arc-Welding Processes,Two types of plasma-arc-welding processes: (a) transferred and (b) non-transferred. Deep and narrow welds are made by this process at high welding speeds., Electro-gas Welding Process, Electr
11、o-gas Welding Process, Electro-gas Welding Process,Laser beam welding,Side view, Resistance Spot Welding, Resistance Spot Welding, Resistance seam Welding, Friction Welding, Friction Welding,New welding method,焊接机器人水下焊接,如何定义某种工艺,Welding is a process in which two materials ,usually metals, are perfor
12、mently jiont together through localized coalescence, resulting from a suitable combination of temperature, pressure, and metallurgical conditions.焊接是指在适当的温度、压力和冶金条件下，通过局部融合的方式将两块材料（通常是金属），永久连接在一起的过程。,如何定义某种工艺,Oxyacetylene(OAW)is a process by which coalescence is achieved by heating a workpiece with
13、flame produced by the combination of oxygen and acetylene gases.氧乙炔焊是指用氧气和乙炔混合气体产生的火焰来加热工件而使之融合的工艺过程。,如何定义某种工艺,Metal arc welding involes fusing the faying surfaces of workpieces,using temperature of approximately 5980 produced by an electric arc between an electrode and the workpiece.金属极电弧焊利用电极和工件之间
14、的电弧所提供的大约5980 的高温将工件的结合面熔化。,如何定义某种工艺,Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) employs the heat of an electric arc between the workpiece and a consumable electrod that supplies the filler metal.气体保护电弧焊利用工件和可消耗电极产生的电弧热（进行焊接），其中可消耗电极提供填充金属。,如何定义某种工艺,Gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)is performed with the heat from an
15、electric arc discharged between the workpiece and a nonconsumable electrode made of tungsten.钨极气体保护焊的热量是由工件和不消耗钨电极之间的电弧放电产生的。,如何定义某种工艺,Submerged arc welding(SAW)is flux-shielded arc welding,where the heat is furnished by an electric arc occuring between the workpiece and a consumable filler metal el
16、ectrode.埋弧焊是一种药皮保护电弧焊，热量是由工件和可消耗填充金属电极产生的电话提供的。,如何定义某种工艺,定义工艺工程的句型是：“某工艺师指在某种条件下通过某种方式获得某种结果的过程”.,如何定义某种工艺,Forging may be defined as the process of giving metal increased utility by shapingis ,refining it, and improving its mechanical properties through controlled plastic deformation and impact or pressure.锻造可以定义为一种通过在冲击力或压力作用下产生可控的塑性变形使金属成形、细化及改善金属机械性能来赋予其增加的功效的一种工艺。,
