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1、中南民族大学 硕士学位论文 中国“天梯”神话与巫文化 姓名：刘婷 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：中国少数民族语言文学 指导教师：向柏松 20060525 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 I 摘 要 摘 要 中国“天梯”神话讲述的是“绝地天通以后，人神沟通的故事” ，根据广义 神话论和“神话母题”理论，中国“天梯”神话可以视为“天梯”母题按照特定 的顺序与结构的排列组合，包括以“天梯”为母题的神话、传说和故事。中国“天 梯”神话是一种民族现象，是中国各民族生活经历和心理经历的表现，它可能产 生于中华民族原始先民初步具有世界层系观念之际，是原始先民借助拓展幻想空 间的方式来解决现实生存与固有宇宙观之间的冲突
2、的典型实例。拓展生存空间反 映了中华民族探索精神的坚决反抗的一面，延伸有限的生命突出了中华民族探索 精神不朽超越的一面，这两个方面共同构建了中国“天梯”神话的基本主题。 巫文化是中国“天梯”神话的重要特质。首先，巫师是中国“天梯”神话的 传承者、传播者、创造者，而且巫师的活动有时还会直接汇入“天梯”神话的叙 事， 并且成为沟通天地的媒介一种物我合一的特殊的 “天梯” 。 巫师在 “天梯” 神话中充当“天梯” ，发挥神明的作用，自我迂回式地发现了自身，从而领悟和认 识到自身的存在，成为一个具有自我意识的民族文化英雄、光明使者和救世主。 其次，中国“天梯”神话中的各种各样的“天梯” ，无论是通天通
3、神的“人” ，还 是通天通神的“物” ，实质上都是“巫术”的代名词。 “天梯”神话中所涉及的与 人们的生活息息相关的一些问题，如避险就安、生老病死、天灾人祸、发财致富 等，借助各种具有神奇的巫术功能的“天梯”媒介，这些问题也就迎刃而解了。 中国“天梯”神话所表现出来的捷径意识、速成意识在民众中奠定了深厚的巫术 信仰基础。在“天梯”神话的深层语义中，“天梯”、不死药与巫师具有等值性， 可以在神话的表层语句中相互置换。“天梯”作为上天的通道，服食不死药作为 通神的手段，与巫师作为人神之间的媒介，在象征上具有同样的意义，一个原始 民族的巫师不过是人格化了的不死药和“天梯”。再次，巫术思维的特征就是心
4、 与物不分，物象和观念合一，呈现为神秘的一体感和混沌性，这与神话思维非常 相似。巫术思维与神话思维在中国“天梯”神话中交织在一起，形成一种原生性 混沌性的综合思维模式， 促进了中国 “天梯” 神话的创造与发展。 也正是由于 “绝 地天通”之后专职巫师的出现，各种巫术手段和巫术思维的运用，中国“天梯” 神话才如此多姿多彩。 中国“天梯”神话与巫文化联系紧密，是中国古代巫文化的载体，它融入民 众的日常生活后，又成为了民俗文化的载体。它一方面诠释“天梯”民俗事象的 内涵，另一方面又影响和促进“天梯”民俗事象的传承，并有效地延续和扩展了 中国“天梯”神话与巫文化 II “天梯”巫术民俗。现实生活中的一
5、些民俗活动，其往往会被附会于某一巫术故 事，巫术思维虚幻的话语形式转而成为相应的事实。因此，中国“天梯”神话与 民俗之间存在一种相互影响相互生成的关系，巫术已形成一种公认的话语，代表 着一切负价值的反文化、非道德的非常现象。巫师的行为，无论是自觉的还是被 动的，受无意识的传统暗示还是被有意识地误导罗织，都显示出强烈的反文化反 伦常倾向。对此，我们必须有着清醒而深刻的认识，正确科学地认识积淀在民俗 中的巫文化因子的本质： “错误的联想和推理” 、天地人的虚幻合一和心理暗示的 魔方，将民间健康的传统习俗与有害的巫术活动区别开来，自觉与等邪教 作坚决的斗争，维护社会稳定，构建和谐社会。 关键词：中国
6、“天梯”神话；巫文化；传统习俗关键词：中国“天梯”神话；巫文化；传统习俗 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 III Abstract The Chinese tall ladder myth is a story which was about how God and the human communicated with each other after “the sky was separated from the earth”. According to the generalized myth discusses with the myth motif theory, the Chinese
7、tall ladder myth may regard as the tall ladder motif to write according to the specific smooth and the structure arrangement combination, including the myth, the fable and the story. The Chinese tall ladder myth is one kind of national phenomenon, is a performance of life and the psychological exper
8、ience of the Chinese various nationalities, it possibly produces at the time when the Chinese nation primitive ancients had initially the world formation idea, this is a typical example that the primitive ancients solve the conflict between the reality survival and the inherent worldview by using th
9、e aid of the development fantasy space way. Developing the existing space on one hand, had reflected Chinese nation exploration spirit firm, on the other hand, extending the limited life to highlight Chinese nation exploration spirit immortal surmounting, these two aspects have constructed the basic
10、 subject of the Chinese tall ladder myth together. The witch culture is an important special characteristic of the Chinese tall ladder myth. First, the sorcerer is the inheritance of the Chinese tall ladder myth, and the disseminator, the inventor, moreover, the activities of the sorcerer sometimes
11、can also be melted in the narration content of the tall ladder myth directly , and acts as a carrier connected the sky and the earthone kind of special tall ladder. The sorcerer acts as the tall ladder in the tall ladder myth, displaying the function of gods, discovering himself by self-circuitous w
12、ay, thus comprehended and realized his own existence, and finally became the national culture hero, the bright messenger and Savior which had the self-awareness. Next, various tall ladders in Chinese tall ladder myth, regardless of the human which could communicate with the sky and the god or the ma
13、terial which could do it, were all the witchcraft synonym. In the tall ladder myth , some questions which were linked with peoples life closely, like taking refuge from danger to peace, the birth and death, the nature and man-made disaster, getting rich and so on, were solved easily by the help of t
14、he mysterious witchcraft function. The shortcut consciousness and the intensive consciousness which were expressed in the Chinese tall ladder myth had laid the deep witchcraft belief foundation in the populace. In deep semantics of the tall ladder myth, the tall ladder had the equivalence completely
15、 with the immortal medicine and the sorcerer, may replace mutually in the myth surface layer sentence. The tall ladder achievement ascends the sky the channel, takes nourishment 中国“天梯”神话与巫文化 IV the immortal medicine achievement to pass the god the method, with the sorcerer as the medium between the
16、human and god, has the similar significance in the symbol, a primitive nationalitys sorcerer is only personified the immortal medicine and the tall ladder. Once more, the characteristic of the witchcraft thought is the unit of the heart and the thing; the physical image and the idea, which presents a mystical body feeling and chaos, and it is extremely similar to the myth thought. The witchcraft thought and the myth thought interweave in the Chinese tall ladder myth in the same place,
