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1、安徽大学 硕士学位论文 专利权客体的扩张 姓名：杨振兴 申请学位级别：硕士 专业：法律 指导教师：胡小红 2010-05 I 摘 要 新技术的不断涌现，使得专利权客体即可专利主题以其扩张属性渐渐引起 广泛关注。对于产业的流转和运作来说，明确的专利权客体标准是不可或缺的， 与此同时，专利权客体标准在专利制度中具有一种准入的功能，并通过评估相 关因素如新颖性、创造性和实用性等来发挥这种功能。我国专利法将发明专利、 实用新型、外观设计作为专利权的客体，并对专利权客体保护范围进行了限定， 建立了适合我国国情的专利权客体保护制度。而随着计算机、生物技术、电子 商务等相关产业的飞速发展，我国专利权客体在此
2、类领域实施保护的滞后性也 日益显现出来，专利权客体制度正面临着严峻的挑战，也促使专利权客体成为 目前国内研究的热点、难点。 文章的第一部分对欧美等发达国家在新技术条件下专利权客体在各个领域 的扩张历程做了综述，力求通过分析研究国外专利权保护范围的扩张进程，探 求我国在国际专利客体保护制度不断变迁的时代背景下如何适应和应对。在这 一部分中，案例分析是研究的重点。由于发达国家大多属于英美法系，不断更 新的判例是推动立法发展的根本动力。作为引领世界科技进步的国家主体，美 国在专利权客体扩张方面的典型案例无疑具有相当的借鉴作用。欧洲各国在跟 随美国步伐的同时，在各别领域关于可专利主题的立法也具有十分重
3、要的参考 意义。 文章的第二部分通过分析和比较对专利权客体扩张的原因作出探究：如技 术的发展、社会的进步要求加强对专利权的保护力度, 以激励更多的技术创造。 而随着技术发展和社会进步, 公众使用和传播知识产品的能力和需求也在扩大。 为了在新的环境中确保权利所有者的利益, 也需要适当扩张专利权的范围和内 容。在对扩张原因进行分析的基础上，从种种缘由背后得出原理性总结：专利 权的扩张反映了权利所有人的利益和在一般社会公众获得知识和信息基础之上 的更广泛的公共利益之间的动态平衡。 文章的第三部分重点论述专利权客体扩张的正当性以及限制的必要性。在 经济全球化的进程中，作为一项法律制度，专利制度迅速在世
4、界范围内推广普 及，并随着经济全球化而迅猛发展。法律需要适应时代的发展而进行调整，专 利权在一定条件下进行适度扩张是正当的，但过度的专利申请以及讲专利作为 II 竞争策略的不当使用，则会导致“问题专利”的泛滥。专利权的不适当扩张， 必然损害公众利益，甚至背离法律保护的目标，非但不能促进创新，反而阻碍 技术进步和自由竞争，甚至可能侵害发展中国家的基本人权并影响其发展权。 因此，对专利权的扩张趋势予以限制是非常有必要的。 最后一部分从我国专利权立法保护现状的基础上对专利权客体的扩张进 行概况性判断：即有必要、不盲目、做限制。最后尝试在专利权扩张的世界范 围背景下对我国的应采取的对策提出针对性的意见
5、和建议。 关键词：专利权客体；扩张；限制；利益平衡 III Abstract New technologies are emerging, so the object can be patentable subject matter patent for its expansion properties beginning to attract attention. The industrys turnover and operating, the specific object of the standard is essential patents, while the object of
6、 the standard patent in the patent system has a function of access, and by assessing relevant factors such as novelty, creativity and practicality to function as such.Chinas Patent Law will be the invention patents, utility models, industrial designs, as the object of patents, and patent protection
7、for a limited subject matter, set up patents for Our object protection system. With the computer, biotechnology, electronic commerce, the rapid development of related industries, Chinas patent protection object implementation in such areas lag becoming ever more apparent, the object system is facing
8、 a patent challenge, has led the franchise the object of a domestic hot and difficult. The first part of the Europe and the United States and other developed countries, patents in new technologies to the objects in various fields has summarized the expansion process, seek patent protection abroad th
9、rough the analysis of the scope of the expansion process, seek to protect our country in the international patent system, changing the object the historic background of how to adapt and respond. In this section, case analysis is the focus of the study. As a world leader in scientific and technologic
10、al progress of the country and the United States expansion in the objects typical patent case will undoubtedly have considerable reference. European countries follow the United States, while the pace in the respective fields of legislation on patentable subject matter is also of great reference valu
11、e. In the second part of the analysis and comparison of the expansion of patent subject matter to explore the reasons: such as technology development, social progress and called for the strengthening of the patent protection, to encourage more technology to create. With the technological development
12、 and social progress, public use and dissemination of knowledge products, capacity and demand is also expanding. In the new environment to ensure the interests of rights owners, but also need the IV appropriate expansion of the scope and contents of the franchise. In analyzing the causes of the expa
13、nsion, derived from the principle of all reason behind the conclusion: the expansion of the franchise reflects all the interests and rights of the general public access to knowledge and information society based on a broader dynamic balance between the public interest. The third part focuses on pate
14、nt validity and restrict the expansion the object need. In the process of economic globalization, as a legal system, the patent system to promote the rapid worldwide spread, and with the rapid development of economic globalization. Laws need to adapt to the development of adjustment, the patent righ
15、t under certain c onditions of moderate expansion is justified, but over the patent applications and patents as a competitive strategy stresses the improper use will result in “questionable patents“ of flooding. Inappropriate expansion of the franchise, is bound to harm the public interest, or even
16、deviate from the goal of legal protection, not only can not promote innovation,It will impede the technical progress and free competition, even against basic human rights of developing countries and affect their right to development. Therefore, the trend to limit the expansion of patent rights is necessary. Last part of the current situation from our patent legislation to protect patent rights based on the profile of the object to determine the expansion: the necessary, not blind, do limit.
