《工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit5.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit5.ppt（34页珍藏版）》请在金锄头文库上搜索。
1、Unit 5,Part A Text (Teach Your Child to Wonder) Part B Grammar(分词) Part C Supplementary Reading (Benchmarking Practices at Xerox),I. Background Information,B.F. Skinners quote: “Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.“ B .F. Skinner:斯金纳(1904-1990) 美国行为主义心理学家，新行为主义的代
2、表人物，操作性条件反射理论的奠基者。他创制了研究动物学习活动的仪器 斯金纳箱。1950年当选为国家科学院院士，1958年获美国心理学会颁发的杰出科学贡献奖，1968年获美国总统颁发的最高科学荣誉国家科学奖。,斯金纳的生平及著作 BF斯金纳(Burrhus Frederic Skinner，19041990)1904年3月20日出生在美国宾夕法尼亚州的萨斯奎汉纳镇上。像许多心理学先驱者一样，斯金纳在1922年进汉密尔顿学院读书时，并未打算成为一名心理学家，而是专修英文，打算成为一名作家。在毕业后的两年内，从事于写作，结果感到没有什么可写的，于是攻读生物学。在这个过程中，他读了华生和巴甫洛夫的著作
3、，从而开始对人类和动物的行为感兴趣，就进了哈佛大学攻读心理学。1930年获心理学硕士学位，1931年获哲学博士学位。接着留校从事研究工作。1936年至1944年在明尼苏达大学任讲师和副教授，1945年任印第安纳大学心理系教授和系主任，1948年返回哈佛大学任心理学教授，直到1974年退休。在这期间，他于1958年获美国心理学会授予的杰出科学奖；1968年获美国政府颁发的最高科学奖国家科学奖；1971年获美国心理学会基金会颁发的金质奖章。,斯金纳的实验和学说最早是在1938年出版的有机体的行为：一种实验分析(The Behavior of Organisms：An Experimental An
4、alysis)一书中发表的，该书主要是通过对白鼠和鸽子的观察，经验性地描述学习的法则，从而为操作性条件作用原理奠定了基础。他的另一本代表著作科学与人类行为(Science and Human Behavior)（1953）着重探讨了人类行为的一些重要方面，如思维、自我和社会化等。1968年出版的教学技术学(The Technology of Teaching)则探讨了他的基本原理在人类学习中的运用。另外，他在1948年出版的小说沃登第二(Walden Two)和1971年出版的超越自由与尊严(Beyond Freedom and Dignity)在社会上反响很大。前者是根据人类行为的科学原理，
5、试图形成一种以积极控制的方法加以管理的理想社会；后者则是对他自己观点的总结，并驳斥了他人的种种批评。除此之外，他的主要代表著作还有：言语行为(Verbal Behavior)（1957）、强化的相倚关系：一种理论分析(Contingencies of Reinforcement：A Theoretical Analysis)（1969）和关于行为主义(About Behaviorism)(1974)。,II. Language Points,1. Sadly, far too few schools make seience appealing. appeal: (i) n. A. an ea
6、rnest or urgent request, entreaty, or supplication. 呼吁，恳求： e.g. He was appealing for funds to build a new school. 他在恳求拨款修建一所新学校。 B. A resort or application to a higher authority, as for sanction, corroboration, or a decision:诉诸，求助于： e.g. Their appeal for help went unheeded. 他们求助的呼吁未受到注意。 C. law :The
7、 transfer of a case from a lower to a higher court for a new hearing. 上诉： e.g. His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court. 他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉。,D. The power of attracting or of arousing interest:吸引力，感染力： e.g. The new fashion soon lost its appeal. 那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。 (ii) v. A. ask for aid or prot
8、ection 呼吁 e.g. I appeal to your sense of justice. 我呼吁你们拿出正义感 B. take a court case to a higher court for review,上诉 e.g. She appealed to the high court against her sentence. 她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。 Useful expression: appeal to 对 . 产生吸引力, appeal for 要求,2. The irony is that children start out as nautral scientis
9、ts, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. children start out as nautral scientists: children are born natural scientists. Irony: sarcasm, satire, caustic remark n.讽刺，反讽 e.g. Thats really lovely, that is! he said with heavy irony. 那真是可爱极了，真的!他故意说反话。 instinctively :as a matter of i
10、nstinct adv. 出于本能的 e.g. Instinctively, she dropped to her belly to crawl. 她本能地趴在地上匍匐前进。 be eager to do or have something: want to do or have it very much. .= keen Robert was eager to talk about life in the Army.,3. The children asked me textbook questions about schooling,aslary, whether I liked my j
11、ob. textbook questions: refers to questions that are nomal and not particular or special. 4. This began a barrage of questions that lasted nealy two hours. a barrage of questions: a large number of questions barrage: the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written) e
12、.g. A barrage of criticism. 接二连三的一大堆批评,5. That reinforces the misconceotion that ceience is merely a set of facts stored in the besds of adults. misconception: an incorrect conception n. 误解, 错误想法 e.g. My misconception of her purpose cast a damp over her spirits. 我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴。 My misconception of h
13、er purpose cast a damp over her spirits. 我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴。,6. Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to them by weaving information. Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to them: notice the structure “ not but ” “不是而是” 7. Grown-ups are notorious for expecting
14、quicker answers. notorious: known widely and usually unfavorably; ill-famed; infamousadj. 臭名昭著的 e.g. He is notorious for his goings-on. 他因行为不检点而声名狼藉。 Useful expression: notorious reputation 声名狼藉 notorious for 在, 以 . 出名,8. Rather than telling children what to think, give them time to think for themse
15、lves. Rather than for themselves.: “rather than” here means “instead of” 9. Once you have achild engaged in a science discussion, dont jump in with “That right” or “Very good”. jump in: it here means “interrupt”插话, (踊跃或热切地)加入 e.g.Please dont chop in as much as youre doing. 请别老是这样没完没了地插话。 Useful expr
16、ession: jump in the lake 走开, 滚开, 别打扰 .jump in with both. 全心全意地从事,10. These verbal rewards work well when it comes to encouraging good behaviour. These verbal good behaviour.: in terms of encouraging good behaviour 11. Never exhort a child to “Think”! exhort: spur on or encourage especially by cheers and shouts; cheer; inspire, urge, barrack; v. 劝诫, 忠告 e.g. The chairman exhorted the party workers to take action. 主席敦促党的工作人员采取行动。 He often
