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1、高考专题,英语中的平行结构,连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。 从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语从句。,一、平行结构, 即并列结构：由并列连词连接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。,常见的并列连词有： 1、表递进关系：and, not onlybut also, neithernor, not but 2. 选择关系：or，eitheror, otherwise, whether.or 3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while,
2、still 4. 因果关系：so, for 5. 并列关系：and, when,二、 对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称； 功能相同（充当同样的句子成分），时态平衡。,并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词，分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。 比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则： Do some nice things for your parents that they dont expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or c
3、lean the floors. “做饭“、“刷碗“、“洗衣服“、“拖地“在本句中应为并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为cleaning。,三、平行结构主要类型,1. 名词和名词平行结构 The patients symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。 2. 形容词和形容词平行结构 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。 3.
4、副词和副词平行结构 The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。 4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词 / 过去分词与过去分词 ) The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语） The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.,5. 动名词doing平行结构 Henrys work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨利的工
5、作是读读书，写写书评。 6. 动词不定式平行结构 On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young trees.另一方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费用。and 连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略 to。 7. 介词短语平行结构 1）Your semester grade is based
6、 not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 8. 谓语动词平行结构 谓语形式时态要一致 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 9.句子的并列（并列句） I was tired, but I felt happy.,四、需掌握的知识点,1. be about to do s
7、th when+从句 2.祈使句+and+句子 3. while conj.然而，而 4. 分辨谓语动词的并列和伴随状语 5. what名词性短语的并列 6. “随着”两种表达:with+复合结构/as+句子 7. 分辨短语和句子 8. 分辨定语从句和并列句 9. 不定式的并列 10. 分辨：句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子,五、 And的用法,综述：and 是并列连词，它既能连接两个并列（平行）的结构，也能连接两个并列的分句。我们可以通过分析它在句子结构中的功能，从而巧妙的解题。,（一）：and连接两个或两个以上的并列结构在形式上要一致。在不同的语境中，也可用其他并列连词or，but等。,句
8、1:We rushed back to the palace and looked for it . 句2: Father sat at the desk and wrote something. 句3: I had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man.,句1可转化成不定式作目的状语。 We rushed back to the palace to look for it.,句2可转化成现在分词作伴随状语。 Father sat at the desk, writing something.,句3中的and连接两个不定式，后一个 不定式t
9、o要省略。,例1: the goat rolled over and _ . A. died B. dead C. dying D. death,2. He called at every door and _ people the exciting news. A. tell B. telling C. told D. having told,called 和 and 为并列谓语。若将and改为逗号，择选B， 现在分词作伴随状语。 若是既无and也无逗号，则用不定式to tell 作目的状语。,既是B: He called at every door, telling people the
10、exciting news. C: He called at every door to tell people the exciting news.,3. She went to the market, _ everything she needed and took a taxi home. A. buy B. bought C. buying D, to buy,三个并列的谓语动词：went, bought and took,（二）：and连接并列分句，这种并列句可转换成简单句或者从句。,A. 并列句和简单句，状语从句的转换。 Ex :Use your head and you will
11、 find a way. 简单句：Using your head，you will find a way. 从句：If you use your head，you will find a way. _and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day C. Being a fine day D. It was a fine day,B. 并列句and和定语从句的转换,Ex: Bamboos are hollow and this makes them very light. 定从：Bamb
12、oos are hollow, which makes them very light. 1.She heard a terrible noise and _ brought her heart into her mouth. A. which B. it C. / D. what 转换： She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.,2. She had two sons and _ were doctors. A. all of them B. all of whom C. both of them
13、D. both of whom,转换： She had two sons, both of whom were doctors. 3. The decision _, what is to be done now is how to carry it out. A. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made 4. I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them _ girls. A. are B. were C. being D. have be
14、en,comes-coming/and leaves,keep-keeping/and you,判断下列句子的正误,1. The weather turned out to be very good, it was more than we could expect. 2. Spring comes, leaves turn green. 3. Keep on trying, youll succeed. 4. They get coal out of the ground, changing it into electricity and send it to many places. 5.
15、 He has made a wonderful discovery, which I think it is of great help to us.,It -which / it 前加and,changing-change,6.They got off the train, carrying all their cases and their fathers jacket. 7. Turning down the radio and the baby is sleeping. 8. I have three coats, none of them fits me. 9. The secre
16、tary worked into the night, preparing a long speech for the president. 10. As there are nearly 50 streets in the city, most of which we cant remember clearly.,Turning-Turn,them-which/and none,which-them,在高考中的体现及解题思路,1.The house belongs to my aunt but shehere any more(2006年全国卷) Ahasnt lived Bdidnt live Chadnt lived Ddoesnt live 解析：but前后分句的时态平衡。 but连接两个并列句，第一个分句谓语动词belongs属于一般现在时态，but后的分句也用一般现在
