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1、Abstract-The many different techniques for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic arrays arediscussed. The techniques are taken from the literature dating back to the earliest methods. It is shown that at least nineteen distinct methods have been introduced in the literature, with many variati
2、ons on implementation. This manuscript should serve as a convenient reference for future work in photovoltaic power generation. Index Terms-maximum power point tracking, MPPT, photovoltaic, PV. I. INTRODUCTION RACKING the maximum power point (MPP) of a photovoltaic (PV) array is usually an essential
3、 part of a PV system. As such, many MPP tracking (MPPT) methods have been developed and implemented. The methods vary in complexity, sensors required, convergence speed, cost, range of effectiveness, implementation hardware, popularity, and in other respects. They range from the almost obvious (but
4、not necessarily ineffective) to the most creative (not necessarily most effective). In fact, so many methods have been developed that it has become difficult to adequately determine which method, newly proposed or existing, is most appropriate for a given PV system. Given the large number of methods
5、 for MPPT, a survey of the methods would be very beneficial to researchers and practitioners in PV systems. Fig. 1 shows the total number of MPPT papers from our bibliography per year since the earliest MPPT paper we found. The number of papers per year has grown considerably of the last decades and
6、 remains strong. However, recent papers have generally had shorter, more cursory literature reviews that largely summarize or repeat the literature reviews of previous work. This approach tends to repeat what seems to be conventional wisdom that there are only a handful of MPPT techniques, when in f
7、act there are many. This is due to the sheer volume of MPPT literature to review conflicting with the need for brevity. This survey is a single reference of the great majority of papers and techniques presented on MPPT. We compiled over ninety papers pertaining to different MPPT methods published up
8、 to the date of submission of this manuscript. It is not our intention to establish a literal chronology of when various techniques were proposed, since the publication date is not necessarily indicative of when a method was actually conceived. As is typical of review papers, we have elected not to
9、reference patents. Papers referencing MPPT methods from previous papers without any modification or improvement have also been omitted. It is possible that one or more papers were unintentionally omitted. We apologize if an important method or improvement was left out. This manuscript steps through
10、a wide variety of methods with a brief discussion and categorization of each. We have avoided discussing slight modifications of existing methods as distinct methods. For example, a method may have been first presented in context of a boost converter, but later on shown with a boost-buck converter,
11、otherwise with minimal change. The manuscript concludes with a discussion on the different methods based on their implementation, the sensors required, their ability to detect multiple local maxima, their costs, and applications they suit. A table that summarizes the major characteristics of the met
12、hods is also provided. II. PROBLEM OVERVIEW Fig. 2 shows the characteristic power curve for a PV array. The problem considered by MPPT techniques is to automatically find the voltage VMPP or current IMPPat which a PV array should operate to obtain the maximum power output PMPP under a given temperat
13、ure and irradiance. It is noted that under partial shading conditions, in some cases it is possible to have multiple local maxima, but overall there is still only one true maximum power point. Most techniques respond to changes in both irradiance and temperature, but some are Comparison of Photovolt
14、aic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques Trishan Esram, Student MemberPatrick L. Chapman, Member T The authors are with Grainger Center for Electric Machinery and Electromechanics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. This project was sponsored by the National Science Foundatio
15、n ECS-01- 34208. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 1968Aug. 2005 Fig. 1. Total number of MPPT papers per year since 1968 specifically more useful if temperature is approximately constant. Most techniques would automatically respond to changes in the array due to aging, though some are open-loop and would require p
16、eriodic fine tuning. In our context, the array will typically be connected to a power converter that can vary the current coming from the PV array. III. MPPT TECHNIQUES We introduce the different MPPT techniques below in an arbitrary order. A. Hill-Climbing/Perturb and Observe Among all the papers we gathered, much focus has been on hill-climbing 1-8 and perturb and observe (P this is because its response directly depends on the response of the dc voltage control loop of the inverter. This c
