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1、Welcome everyone!,独立主格结构,Nominative Absolute Structure,It rained.,I stayed at home.,怎样将两个句子合并？,要求：可以使用连词，请将句子合并成并列句。, It rain so/and I stayed at home.,并列连词：and, or, but, so, for, when, while, neithernor, eitheror, notbut, not onlybut also,要求：可以使用连词，请将句子合并为复合句。, Because it rained yesterday, I stayed
2、at home.,要求：不适用连词，将两个句子合并为一个句子。, It raining, I stayed at home.,比较三句：, It rain so/and I stayed at home., Because it rained yesterday, I stayed at home., It raining, I stayed at home.,1.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessons _ for the day.(07重庆）,A. finishing B. finished C. had f
3、inished D. were finished,2.The meeting _over, we all left the room and drove home.（上海）,A. is B. to be C. being D. would be,3.There _no bus, we had to walk home. A. being B. to be C. was D. been,Exercises,Sentences Appreciation,1.He lay at full length upon his stomach ，his head resting upon his left
4、forearm 他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。 2.The coward was backing ，his face being deathly pale，toward another room 那个胆小鬼向另一个房间退去，脸色煞白。,He lay at full length upon his stomach . His head rested upon his left forearm.,The coward was backing toward another room His face was deathly pale.,用作时间状语,The work done
5、,we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。,用作条件状语,Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。,Examples,After the work had been done, we went home.,If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.,用作原因状语,There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有
6、出租车，我们只好步行。,用作伴随状语,He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。,表示补充说明,We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。,功能：独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，多用于书面语，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常用来表示谓语动词的时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。 Attention! 独立主格结构 1. 表示时间、
7、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首； 2. 表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末;,Conclusion 独立主格结构的功能,1.The meeting over，we left the room 2.He returned home，his face pale 3.Time permitting，well visit the Summer Palace 4.There being no bus, I have to walk home.,做原因状语,做伴随状语,做条件状语,做原因状语,Exercises,/做时间状语,名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主谓关系 Th
8、e girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didnt know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。,名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是动宾关系。 The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。,名词/主格代词与不定式之间是将来的或具体的动作。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the o
9、ther to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。,Structure,2. “名词/代词+现在分词”结构,该结构在句中常作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、方式或伴随状语等。,(1) 作 状语： Everyone having sat down, the teacher began his class. (相当于时间状语从句: When everyone had sat down),(2) 作 状语： The boy leading the way, we had no trouble getting out of the forest. (相当于原
10、因状语从句: Because the boy led the way),时间,原因,(3) 作 状语： My health allowing, I will work far into the night. （相当于条件状语从句：If my health allows）,(4) 作 状语： We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.,条件,方式或伴随,3
11、. “名词/代词+过去分词”结构,该结构在句中常作 时间状语、原因状语、方式或伴随状语、条件状语等。,(1) 作 状语： The test finished, well have our summer vocation.,(2) 作 状语： Thousands of eyes fixed upon him, Nick felt on edge.,时间,原因,(3) 作 状语： When in trouble, Sam would sit alone, head bend.,(4) 作 状语： More time given, we can finish the work.,方式或伴随,条件,名
12、词/主格代词+形容词,An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。,名词/主格代词+副词,The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了,名词/主格代词+介词短语,The boy went to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。,在这个结构中，如果逻辑主语与介词短语中的名词都是单数名词，在这些名词前习惯上不用冠词。但注意比较： He stood under a tree, hand in pock
13、et. He stood under a tree, with a hand in his pocket.,with a book in his hand,名词/主格代词+名词,I received many gifts, many of them books. 我收到很多礼物，其中很多是书。,There being +名词（代词）,There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。,It being +名词（代词）,It being Christmas, the government
14、offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。,There being + 名词（代词） It being + 名词（代词）,（一）构成-独立主格（名词或代词）后接 doing, done, to do，形容词，副词，介词短语或名词构成。即：,独立主格结构的构成,名词/主格代词 + 现在分词 名词/主格代词 + 过去分词 名词/主格代词 + 不定式 名词/主格代词 + 形容词 名词/主格代词 + 副词 名词/主格代词 + 介词短语 名词/主格代词 + 名词,1.独立主格结构是一种结构，不是一个句子，不需要用谓语动词。 2.独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它
15、有自己逻辑上的主语，表达相对独立的意思，它独立存在。 3.独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。 4.在句中只作状语，并可对主句进行补充说明。 5.名词或代词与后面的分词构成一定的关系： 如与现在分词（doing)构成主谓关系或与过去分词(done)构成动宾关系等。,独立主格结构的特点,考试结束了，我们开始放假。 When the test was finished, we began our holiday The test finished, we began our holiday. 在向导的带领下，我们轻松地走出了森林。 Because the guide led the way, we
16、had no trouble getting out of the forest. The guide leading the way, We had no trouble getting out of the forest,Exercises,1.(由向导带路),we set off on foot into the dark night. 2.(有那么多书要读) , I cant kill time by playing cards 3. At the gate stood a PLA man,（手里握着枪） 4.（做完家庭作业），he went to bed 5.（由于是星期天）， we decided to go home.,The homework done / finished （With his homework done / f
