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1、植物多倍体的遗传及表观遗传 Genetic and epigenetic changes in plant polyploids,1 主要参考文献,Adams KL, Cronn R, Percifield R, Wendel JF. Genes duplicated by polyploidy show unequal contribution to the transcriptome and organ- specific reciprocal silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2003, 100: 46494654 Adams KL. Evolutio
2、n of duplicate gene expression in polyploidy and hybrid plants. J Hered, 2007, 98: 136-141 Chen ZJ, Pikaard C. Transcriptional analysis of nucleolar dominance in polyploid plants: Biased expression/silencing of progenitor rRNA genes is developmentally regulated in Brassica. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1
3、997, 94: 3442-3447 Chen ZJ. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Ann Rev Plant Biol, 2007, 58: 377-406,Comai L. Genetic and epigenetic interactions in allopolyploid plants. Plant Mol Biol, 2000, 43:387399 Comai L. The advantages and disa
4、dvantages of being polyploidy. Nat Rev Genet, 2005, 6: 836-846 Leitch AR, Leitch IJ. Genomic plasticity and the diversity of polyploidy plants. Sci, 2008, 320: 481-483 Liu B, Wendel JF. Non-Mendelian phenomena in allopolyploid genome evolution. Curr Genomics, 2002, 3: 489-506 Liu B, Wendel JF. Epige
5、netic phenomena and the evolution of plant allopolyploids. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 2003, 29: 365-379,Otto SP, Whitton J. Polyploidy incidence and evolution. Ann Rev Genet, 2000, 34: 401-437 Soltis PS, Soltis DE. The role of genetics and genomic attributes in the success of polyploids. Proc Natl Acad Sc
6、i USA, 2000, 97:7051-707 Song KM, Lu P, Tang K, Osborn TC. Rapid genome change in synthetic polyploids of Brassica and its implications for polyploids evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995, 92:7719-7723 Stupar RM, Bhaskar PB, Yandell BS, et al. Phenotypic and transcriptomic changes associated with
7、 potato autopolyploidization. Genetics, 2007, 176: 2055-2067 Tate JA, Soltis DE, Soltis PS. 2007. Polyploiy in plants. In: Gregory RT (ed) The Evolution of the Genome. Science Press, Beijing, pp372-426,Wendel GF. Genome evolution in polyploids. Plant Mol Biol, 2000, 42: 225-249 Wang JL, Tian L, Lee
8、HS, Wei NE, Jiang HM, et al. Genomewide nonadditive gene regulation in Arabidopsis allotetraploids. Genetics, 2006, 172:507-517 Yang SS, Cheung F, Lee JJ, Ha M, Wei NE, et al. Accumulation of genome-specific transcripts, transcription factors and phytohormonal regulators during early stages of fiber
9、 cell development in allotetraploid cotton. Plant J, 2006, 47:76175,2 Introduction Abundance of allopolyploid plants,Polyploidy, resulting from either duplication of a single but complete genome (autopolyploidy) or from combination of two or more differentiated genomes (allopolyploidy), is a promine
10、nt mode of speciation in plants. It is difficult to overstate the importance of polyploidy in the evolutionary history of plants. 人类在合成多倍体方面收效甚微！,Abundance of allopolyploid plants,While estimates vary regarding the proportion of angiosperms that have experienced one or more episodes of chromosome do
11、ubling at some point in their evolutionary history, it is at least 50% and may be higher than 70%; perhaps 95% of pteridophytes have experienced at least one episode of polyploidization in their past.,Typical polyploid crops, wheat, oat, coffee, potato, canola, soybean, sugarcane, tobacco, cotton,Ab
12、undance of allopolyploid plants,Because most ancient polyploids have undergone an evolutionary process of chromosomal and perhaps genic “diploidization”, their polyploid history may be obscured at the cytological and classic genetics levels. Polyploid nature of many plant genomes was not evident unt
13、il the advent of comparative genomics and whole-genome sequencing-maize, Arabidopsis traditionally diploids.,Abundance of allopolyploid plants,Given these and other recent examples from plants, it is probably safe to state that there are no bona fide diploid species in the plant kingdom.,Production
14、of Arabidopsis allotetraploids,Production of Arabidopsis allotetraploids,(a) Phenotypic variation of the plants after five generations of selfing. The plants include two parents, A. thaliana autotetraploid (At4) and A. arenosa (Aa), six allotetraploids (S1 to S6), and a natural allotetraploid, A. su
15、ecica (As).,(b) Epigenetic silencing in resynthesized allopolyploids. A. suecica (As, white flower), natural allotetraploid. A. thaliana (not shown) and A. arenosa (Aa), have white and pink flowers. The flower colors in 3rd generation (S31, 2, and 3) segregate from all white (S31) to all pink (S33).
16、 Variegated flower colors (S32).,3 Non-Mendelian Phenomena in Allopolyploid Genome Evolution,non-Mendelian attributes: those not characterized by conventional transmission genetics. Mysterious process of rapid and in some cases directed structural changes that occur in polyploid genomes upon their formation; Novel intergenomic interactions as a consequence of the merger of two formerly isolated genomes;,Non-Mendelian Phenomena in Allopolyploid Genome Evolution,Epigenet
