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1、上海理工大学课程练习试题Please translate the following into Chinese (or English) .1. Energy is usually and most simply defined as the equivalent of or capacity for doing work. Energy can either be associated with a material body, as in a coiled spring or a moving object, or it can be independent of matter, as l
2、ight and other electromagnetic radiation traversing a vacuum. The energy in a system may be only partly available for use. The dimensions of energy are those of work, which, in classical mechanics, is defined formally as the product of mass(m) and the square of the ratio of length(l) to time(t). Thi
3、s means that the greater the mass or the distance through which it is moved or the less the time taken to move the mass, the greater will be the work done, or the greater the energy expended.能量通常也是最简单地定义成或等价于做工能力。能量可以与一个实际的物体有关，正如卷曲的弹簧或移动的物体；也可以独立于物质，例如光和其它电磁辐射在真空中传播。系统中的能量仅有部分可以利用。能量的单位和功一致，在经典力学中，
4、正式定义为质量和长度与时间比值的平方的乘积。这意味着质量和它通过的距离越大，或者质量移动的时间越少，则做工越多，或者所付出的能量越大。Energy 能量、能源；能源通常被定义为与生产有着不相上下的地位。2. Any characteristic of a system is called a property. Some familiar properties are pressure p, temperature T, volume V, and mass m. The list can be extended to include less familiar ones such as vi
5、scosity, thermal conductivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal expansion coefficient, electric resistivity, and even velocity and elevation.体系中的任一特征称作属性。一些属性为我们熟悉有压力p，温度T，体积V和质量m。该列表可以被扩展到一些不太熟悉的属性例如粘度、导热系数、弹性模量、热膨胀系数、电阻率，甚至速度和高度。Characteristic 特征;Property 属性Properties are considered be either intens
6、ive or extensive. Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as temperature, pressure, and density. Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the sizeor extentof the system. An easy way to determine whether a property is intensive or extensive is to
7、 divide the system into two equal parts with an imaginary partition, as shown in Fig.1-11. Each part will have the same value of intensive properties as the original system, but half the value of extensive properties. 属性可以被看作具有广延量或强度量，强度量(属性)与系统质量无关，例如温度、压力和密度。广延量（属性）取值依赖于系统的尺寸或尺度。一个简单的区分属性是广延量还是强度量
8、的方法是通过一个假想分割线将系统平均分成两部分，如图1-11所示。在每一部分强度量具有和原体系相同的值，但是广延量只有一半的数值。3. 这种被人为(artificially)分割出来作为热力学分析对象的有限物质系统叫做热力系统，与系统发生质能交换的物体统称外界。系统和外界之间的分界面叫做边界。边界可以是实际存在的，也可以是假想的。The limited substance system, artificially separated/divided as the object of thermodynamic analysis, is called the thermodynamic syst
9、em. All matters which interact with the system by exchanging mass and energy are called the surroundings. The interface between the system and its surroundings is called the boundary. The boundary may be a real one, and it may also be imaginary.Can be actually exist.can actually exist.The artificial
10、ly partition of thermodynamics analysis as The ling between system and the external is called border.The outside world,Can also be a daydream.Please fill in the blanks1 Energy is stored as _internal(heat?)_energy(associated with temperature), _kinetic_energy(due to motion), _potential_ energy(due to
11、 elevation) and chemical energy( due to chemical composition).从分子运动论观点看，热能的本质是物体内部所有分子动能（包括分子的平动能和转动能）之和，而内能除包括物体内部所有分子的动能之外，还包括分子间势能的总和，以及组成分子的原子内部的能量、原子核内部的能量、物体内部空间的电磁辐射能等，通常是指物体内部分子无规则运动的动能与分子间势能的总和。可见，热能只是内能中的一部分，把热能与内能等同起来是错误的。2 A _closed_system (also known as a control mass)consists of a fixe
12、d amount of mass, and no mass can cross its boundary. If even the energy is not allowed to cross the boundary, the system is called an _isolated_system.3 When a system changes from one _equilibrium_state to another, the path of successive state through which the system passes is called a_process_. W
13、hen a system in a given initial state experiences a series of _ process_ and returns to the initial state, the system undergoes a _cycle_.4 The term _saturation_ temperature designates the temperature at which vaporization takes place at a given pressure. If the temperature of the liquid is lower th
14、an _saturation_temperature for the existing pressure, it is called _a_subcooled(or a compressed)_liquid. On the contrary, the vapor at a higher temperature can be called _superheated_vapor.5 the prefix iso- is attached to the name of any property that remains unchanged in a process. An _isothermal_
15、process in one in which the temperature is held constant. In an _isobaric_process, the pressure remains constant and an _isometric_process is a constant-volume process.Please translate the following into Chinese (or English) .4. Perpetual motion describes motion that continues indefinitely without a
16、ny external source of energy.2 This is impossible in practice because of friction and other sources of energy loss.345 Furthermore, the term is often used in a stronger sense to describe a perpetual motion machine of the first kind, a hypothetical machine which, once activated（激发？激活？启动）, would continue to function and produce work6 indefinitely with no input of e
