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1、英国概况 Land and PeopleI. Different Names for Britain and its Parts1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-G
2、reat Britain (the larger one) and Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland ( Edinburgh )and Wale(Cardiff).大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital:
3、 Belfast.5.The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英联邦是独立的前英国殖民地组成的自由联合体。它成立于1931年，至1990年止已有50个成员国。The Origins of a Nation (5000BC-1066)I.Arrival and settlement of
4、the Celts 凯尔特人的到来和定居Celts were practiced farmers. They drained much of marshlands and built houses of wood.They were iron workers, too. Their languages, the Celts languages, are the basis of the language which is still used by some people in Scotland and Wales. Their religion was Druidism (n.德鲁伊教).
5、凯尔特人是有经验的农民，他们排干沼泽地，用木材建造房屋。他们还打造铁器。苏格兰和威尔士语就是以他们的语言为基础发展而来的。The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.II. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutoni
6、c tribes.2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.In 597, Pope Gregory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen (异教的) English to Christianity. In 597 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. 公元597，教皇格里高一世把罗马圣安德鲁修道院的院
7、长圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，其使命是使异教徒的英国人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奥古丁成为坎特伯雷大主教。IIIViking and Danish invasions1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. 2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributionsAlfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and
8、 reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more eff
9、icient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Great.”阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。他因为建立了强大舰队，而以“英国海军之父”闻名于世。他改组了“弗立德”（撒克逊军队），使之更为高效。他将一
10、本拉丁语的书翻译成英语。同时他还建立了学校，并且阐明了法律制度。所有这一切使他当之无愧于“阿尔弗雷德大王。”的称号。IVThe Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服（公元1066年）1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edwards death.威廉在爱德华死后入侵英国的原因。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led
11、 his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.据说，爱德华国王曾答应把英格兰王位传给诺曼底公爵威廉，但是贤人会议挑选了哈罗德为国王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交锋中，威廉打
12、败了哈罗德军队，同时哈罗德也在此战争中战死。在圣诞节加冕，成为英国国王，从此开始了诺曼征服。2The Norman Conquest and its consequences诺曼征服及其产生的影响。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rul
13、e with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England.Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer conne
14、ction with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉几乎没收了所有土地，将其分发给他的诺曼追随者。他用强有力的诺曼政府代替了软弱的萨克逊政府。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼法兰西文化、语言、行为规范和建筑艺术。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与民事法庭分离。3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origin
15、s. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-French origin.英国是一个集不同民族于一体的国家。许多英国人的祖先是古盎格鲁和撒克逊人。而还有一些英国人的是诺曼血统。The Shaping of the Nation (1066-1381)I. Norman Rule (1066-1381)1. Williams Rule （1066-1087）威廉一世的统治（公元1066-1087）Englands f
16、eudalism under the rule of William the Conqueror在威廉统治下的英国封建制度Under William, the feudal system in England was completely established. According to this system, the King owned all the land personally. William gave his barons large estates in England in return for a promise of military service and a proportion of the lands produce. These estates were scat
